Ama-Supercapacitor: Lokho abayikho, ukuthi basebenza kanjani, nokuthi bangahamba kude kangakanani

Wake wazibuza ukuthi ezinye izinto zikagesi zingawathola kanjani amandla amaningi ngemizuzwana embalwa nje? Kusukela ezimotweni zikagesi kuya kumakheshi ezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo, kunobuchwepheshe obubodwa obukwazi ukuguqula indlela esigcina futhi sikhiphe ngayo amandla: ama-supercapacitor. Lezi zingxenye zithatha umqondo we-classic capacitor ezingeni elisha, zinikeza amathuba, esikhathini esingeside esidlule, abonakala engenakwenzeka.

Kulesi sihloko sikutshela ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyini i-supercapacitor, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, nokuthi yimaphi amakhono engakwazi ukuwafinyelela. nokuthi kungani isiphenduke enye yezinsika zokugcina amandla esimanje. Uma ufuna incazelo eqinile, ejulile, nejabulisayo, hlala ubukele ngoba usuzothola okwakamuva kokugcinwa kwamandla ngesivinini esikhulu.

Iyini i-supercapacitor?

I-supercapacitor, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ultracapacitor, i-EDLC (i-Electric Double Layer Capacitor), noma i-double-layer capacitor, iyidivayisi yokugcina amandla kagesi isici sayo esiyinhloko amandla ayo amakhulu okunqwabelana kanye nokulethwa kwamandla ngokushesha. Angagcina amandla aphakathi kuka-10 no-100 ngaphezu kwama-electrolytic capacitor avamile. futhi aphakathi nendawo phakathi kwamabhethri ekhemikhali nama-capacitor akudala, ahlanganisa okuhamba phambili kobuchwepheshe ngabunye.

Lezi zisetshenziswa zavela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulunyaka lama-70 futhi, kusukela ezinguqulweni zazo zokuqala ze-farad eyodwa nje ngeminyaka yawo-80 kanye nawo-5.000, zithuthukile ukuze zifinyelele emandleni okuhweba afinyelela kuma-faradi angu-XNUMX nangaphezulu kulabhorethri. I-supercapacitor yokuqala yabhaliswa ngeminyaka yawo-50 ngu-HE Becker futhi, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa yokucwengisiswa, manje isisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ekhulayo.

Ukusebenza nokwakheka kwe-supercapacitor

Ukusebenza kwe-supercapacitor kusekelwe esimisweni esifanayo njenge-capacitor evamile: amapuleti amabili okuqhuba ahlukaniswe yi-insulating material. (i-dielectric). Nokho, ukhiye uku indawo enkulu yangaphakathi yamapuleti ayo (sibonga ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana ne-porous carbon, igraphene noma ama-nanotubes) kanye naku- ibanga elincane kakhulu phakathi kwazo, eduze nesilinganiso samangqamuzana.

Lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa, kwakheka izendlalelo ezimbili zeshaja ephambene kusixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwe-electrode ne-electrolyte.Lesi 'sendlalelo esikabili' sinikeza igama laso kokunye okuhlukile okuvame kakhulu: ama-electric double-layer supercapacitors (EDLCs). Ukuqoqwa kwamandla akwenzeki ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, kodwa ngokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba kwamashaji e-electrostatic, okuvumela imijikelezo ecishe ingapheli yokukhipha amandla kanye nokulethwa kwamandla okusheshayo kakhulu.

Kukhona futhi ama-pseudocapacitor, ezisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukusabela kwe-surface redox ukukhulisa amandla, nama-hybrids, ahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza.

Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwama-supercapacitor, ama-capacitor namabhethri

Ama-supercapacitor ahluke kanjani ngempela kuma-capacitor avamile namabhethri? Impendulo isezicini eziningana ezibalulekile:

• Ukuminyana kwamandla: Ama-Supercapacitor agcina amandla amaningi kunama-capacitor avamile, nakuba esengaphansi kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.
• Amandla athile: Angaletha futhi athole amandla ngokushesha kakhulu kunanoma yiliphi ibhethri.. Lokhu kuzenza zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla asheshayo.
• Imijikelezo yempilo: Ama-Supercapacitor angamelana namakhulu ezinkulungwane noma izigidi zemijikelezo yokushaja/yokukhipha ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi., okuningi kakhulu kunamabhethri, azungeze izinkulungwane zemijikelezo.
• Isikhathi sokulayisha: Angashajwa ngamasekhondi noma ngamaminithi, uma kuqhathaniswa namahora angadingeka amabhethri..
• Indlela yokugcina: Ngenkathi amabhethri egcina amandla ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali, ama-supercapacitor akwenza lokho ngokomzimba ngokunqwabelana kwamashaji.
• Ezokuphepha: Ama-Supercapacitor aveza ingozi ephansi yokuqhuma futhi awangcolisi kangako.

Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ama-supercapacitor awawona ukushintshwa okuqondile kwamabhethri kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokugcina isikhathi eside., kodwa angakwazi ukuhambisana futhi adlule kuzo ngezidingo zokukhishwa okusheshayo, iziqongo zamandla kanye nemijikelezo ejulile.

Izinto eziyisisekelo kanye nezimiso zobuchwepheshe

Ukweqa kwezobuchwepheshe kuma-supercapacitor kubangelwa ikakhulukazi izinto ezithuthukisiwe ezisetshenziswayo. kanye nokwenza kahle kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ama-electrode ngokuvamile akhiqizwa nge Ikhabhoni ecushiwe, i-carbon nanotubes, igraphene noma ngisho nama-aerogels nama-nanofoams ukuze kwandiswe indawo engaphezulu etholakalayo.

I-electrolyte ingaba namanzi, i-organic noma isekelwe kuketshezi lwe-ionic, kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwe-voltage ephezulu kanye ne-conductivity yedivayisi. Izinto zokuvalela nokuhlukanisa nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuzinzeni nasekusebenziseni amandla.

Okunye okuhlukile kwakhiwe, okufana nama-pseudocapacitor, asebenzisa i-metal oxides (isb., i-ruthenium dioxide, i-manganese, i-iridium, i-nickel) noma ama-polymers conductive. njenge-polyaniline, i-polythiophene ne-polypyrrole, ekwazi ukugcina ukushaja okukhulu nakakhulu ngezinqubo ze-ionic adsorption/desorption kuvolumu ye-electrode.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-supercapacitor

Ngokuya ngezinto zokwakha kanye nesimiso sokusebenza, ama-supercapacitor angahlukaniswa ngokuthi:

• Ama-supercapacitor kagesi anengqimba ephindwe kabili: Basebenzisa ukuqoqwa kwezindleko kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-electrode-electrolyte (EDLC), ngokuvamile ngama-electrode ekhabhoni anezimbotshana kanye ne-electrolyte ewuketshezi.
• Ama-pseudocapacitors: Basekela amandla abo ekuphenduleni kwe-faradaic okungaphezulu kusetshenziswa i-metal oxides noma ama-polymer conductive. Banikeza amandla aphezulu aphezulu.
• I-Hybrid supercapacitors: Bahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene (isibonelo, ipuleti yebhethri nepuleti le-supercapacitor, noma ukuxuba ikhabhoni nama-oxide ensimbi).

Amandla azuziwe ayahluka kuye ngohlobo lwento esetshenziswayo kanye nomklamo., enobubanzi obungasuka kuma-farad ambalwa kumadivayisi amancane ukuya ezinkulungwaneni zamamodeli ezimboni.

Yimaphi amakhono i-supercapacitor engawafinyelela?

Esinye sezici ezimangaza kakhulu isikali samakhono ama-supercapacitor amanje angawafinyelela:

• Elabhorethri: Amandla afinyelela ku-400 farad ngegremu afinyelelwe kusetshenziswa ama-oxide ensimbi afana ne-ruthenium kanye nobuchwepheshe be-nanostructuring obuthuthukisiwe.
• Kuzicelo zentengiso: Kuvamile ukuthola ama-supercapacitor angu-1500, 2400, 3000, ngisho nama-farads angu-5000, anesisindo esiphakathi kwekhilogremu eyodwa nezintathu.
• Ukuminyana kwamandla: Ngokuvamile acishe abe ngu-4 kuya ku-10 Wh/kg wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, angaphansi kakhulu kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion (30-150 Wh/kg), kodwa adlula kude ama-capacitor akudala.
• Amandla athile: Zifinyelela ku-2.000 W/kg (noma ngisho nangaphezulu!), okuvumela ukushaja nokukhipha ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Impilo ewusizo: Imijikelezo yempilo ivamise ukudlula i-500.000 kumamodeli ekhwalithi ephezulu, kuyilapho kumamodeli ezimboni, akuvamile ukufinyelela eminyakeni engu-20 yokusebenza.

Ngenxa yezinto ezintsha ezifana ne-graphene nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezithuthukile, ibha yokusebenza kahle, ukuminyana nokuqina iyaphakanyiswa minyaka yonke., ukwandisa izinkambu zayo zokusebenza okungenzeka.

Izicelo embonini, amandla avuselelekayo nezokuthutha

Amandla ama-supercapacitor ande kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, afinyelela emikhakheni efana nale:

• Izimoto nezokuthutha: Izimoto zikagesi, izimoto eziyingxubevange, amabhasi ashaja ngokushesha, amathilamu, nezitimela zonke zisebenzisa ama-supercapacitor ukuze uthole amandla aphezulu, ukuqalisa, kanye nokubhuleka kabusha.
• Imboni yamandla namandla avuselelekayo: Asebenza njengama-voltage stabilizer kumaphaneli elanga nakuma-turbines omoya, adonsa futhi akhiphe amandla ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukushintshashintsha nokuphazamiseka.
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi zasekhaya nezabathengi: Babambe iqhaza ekwenzeni ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-RAM, amawashi, ukukhanya kwekhamera, kanye ne-microcontroller namandla e-robot kanye nezinhlelo ze-boot.
• I-Automation kanye ne-Logistics: Asetshenziswa ezinqoleni ezizenzakalelayo nezinhlelo zokugcina izimboni, lapho ukushajwa kabusha okushesha kakhulu nokuqhubeka nokusebenza kubalulekile.

Ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla zesimanje, i-automated Pallet Shuttles ingasebenza 24/7 sibonga ama-supercapacitor., ukugwema izitobhi zokushajwa kabusha nokukhulisa ukukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezinhlelweni zamandla asizayo ezimoto (APU), i-UPS yezimboni, ama-compressor, nezinjini ezinkulu kukhombisa ukuguquguquka nokuthembeka kwayo.

Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izixazululo

Kungani ukhetha i-supercapacitor esikhundleni sebhethri lendabuko? Izizathu ziningi futhi zihlobene nokusebenza nokuphepha:

• Isikhathi esifushane sokulayisha: Angashajwa ngokugcwele ngamasekhondi noma imizuzu.
• Amandla amakhulu okulethwa: Zimelana nokukhishwa okuphezulu, zilungele izicelo zezimboni nezokuthutha.
• Inombolo ephezulu kakhulu yemijikelezo: Abahlushwa ukuguga okuningi emijikelezweni ephindaphindiwe, okuhumushela ezindlekweni zokunakekela eziphansi.
• Ibanga lokushisa nokusebenza kahle: Asebenza kahle phezu kwebanga elibanzi le-thermal futhi anokushaja/ukukhipha okusebenzayo okukhulu kuno-95%.
• Ukuphepha okukhulu: Ngokunganciki ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi, ingozi yokuqhuma noma yomlilo iyancipha kakhulu.
• Umthelela omncane kwezemvelo: Asebenzisa izinto ezinobuthi obuncane futhi, ngenxa yokuphila isikhathi eside, adinga ukushintshwa okumbalwa.

Ubuthakathaka bayo obuyinhloko buhlala buphansi kwamandla aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri., ngakho-ke azisetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla amahora amade, kodwa ngemijikelezo esheshayo kanye nezidingo ezisheshayo.

Imikhawulo eyinhloko yama-supercapacitor

Akuyona yonke into elungile: ama-supercapacitor nawo anemibi. Okuhambisana kakhulu yi- ukuminyana kwamandla okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri, okubavimbela ekunikezeni ukuzimela okunwetshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yabo i-uninary undervoltage Lokhu kudinga ukukhweza okuningana ochungechungeni ukuze kuzuzwe ama-voltage ohlelo lokusebenza, okwenza kube nzima ukuphatha futhi okungathula izinkinga zebhalansi nezokuphepha.

Bahlushwa ukuzikhulula, idedela kancane kancane enye inkokhiso egciniwe lapho ingasetshenziswa, futhi izindleko nge-farad ngayinye zisaphakeme kunalezo zobuchwepheshe obuvamile bamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo nokuthuthuka kwezinto kunciphisa lezi zinkinga kancane kancane.

Intuthuko yamanje kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe

Umjaho wokudala ama-supercapacitor asebenza kahle kakhulu nasezingeni eliphezulu uyaqhubeka.Phakathi kwentuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu yilezi:

• Ukufakwa kwe-graphene ne-carbon nanotubes: Bathuthukisa i-conductivity, indawo engaphezulu kanye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo.
• I-hybrid kanye ne-doped materials: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-metal oxides, ukwenza ama-polymers kanye ne-doping ngama-heteroatoms kuvumela ukuhlanganisa imiphumela ye-double layer kanye ne-pseudocapacitance ukwandisa ukuminyana kwamandla.
• Ukukhiqiza okunembayo nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi: Iqinisekisa amandla aphezulu, ukumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi kanye nempilo ende yesevisi.
• Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile kuma-hybrid systems: : Inhlanganisela ephelele yamabhethri ekhemikhali iyafunwa, kusetshenziswa izimfanelo zawo womabili amasistimu ukuze kutholwe ukusebenza okuphelele okuphelele.

Ngenxa yale ntuthuko, ama-prototypes asekelwe emanzini, usimende kanye ne-carbon black kakade ikhona., kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo nengqalasizinda njengezisekelo zezakhiwo, amakheshi kagesi, ngisho namasathelayithi nezicelo ze-aerospace kuyaphenywa.

Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa nezimo ezingokoqobo

Ukuletha umqondo ekhaya, nazi izibonelo ezembulayo.:

• KwezezimotoAma-Supercapacitor asiza ekuqaleni, ekubambeni amabhuleki okuvuselelayo, kanye nokusheshisa izimoto zikagesi, amabhasi, nezitimela, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri nempilo yokuphila.
• Emandleni avuselelekayoEmapulazini elanga nesomoya, azinzisa futhi alawule amandla kagesi, avimbele ukuphuma kwegridi futhi athuthukise ukuthembeka kokuhlinzeka.
• Ku-electronics yabathengi: Banikeza amandla adingekayo ekukhanyeni kwekhamera, inkumbulo kanye nezipele zewashi, futhi baqinisekise ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kuma-millisecond abalulekile.
• Ku-logistics kanye ne-automation: Bavumela ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kwezinhlelo zamarobhothi nezimoto ezizenzakalelayo, okuyisihluthulelo sesimanje sezimboni nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-supercapacitor kuzixazululo zamandla aphezulu, njengezinhlelo zamandla asebenzayo, kungaba inketho enhle kakhulu yokuthuthukisa ukufakwa kukagesi. ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa.

Amathemba nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo

Ulicabanga kanjani ikusasa ngama-supercapacitor? Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile kuzixazululo ezixubile kuzochaza iminyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Amathrendi amanje akhomba:

• I-Hybrid battery-supercapacitor systems: Ukuhlanganisa amandla aphezulu ebhethri namandla nesivinini se-supercapacitor.
• Ukungena okukhulu ekuhambeni kukagesiIzinqubo zokushaja ezishesha kakhulu, ezihlanganiswe nokuqina, kulindeleke ukuthi zibeke ama-supercapacitor njengezinto ezibalulekile ezimotweni, ama-drones, kanye ne-logistics.
• Izicelo ku-biomedicine kanye ne-aerospaceKusukela kuma-pacemaker kuya kumasathelayithi, ukuthembeka kwawo kanye nokuphendula kwawo ngokushesha kuyathandeka kakhulu.

Izibikezelo ziphakamisa ukuthi njengoba izindleko zokukhiqiza ziwa kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zicwengwa, ama-supercapacitor azothatha indawo eyengeziwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasembonini..

Ama-Supercapacitor amelela esinye sezixazululo ezithembisayo nezishintshayo emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamandla. Ngenxa yekhono labo lokugcina nokuletha amandla ngesikhathi sokurekhoda, ukuphila kwabo isikhathi eside, nokuphepha abakunikezayo, sebephenduke abadlali ababalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengeyezimoto, ezogesi, ezishintshayo zezimboni, namandla ahlanzekile. Nakuba zisabhekene nemikhawulo mayelana nokuminyana kwamandla nezindleko, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ezintweni zokwakha nezinqubo zokukhiqiza kubikezela indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke. Ukutshala imali kuma-supercapacitor kusho ukutshala imali kukusasa eliphumelelayo, elizinzile elinamandla ahlala elungele inselele elandelayo.