I-SCR: Iyini i-silicon elawulwa kabusha i-rectifier nezibonelo ezine-2N6504

Emkhakheni wamandla kagesi, i ama-rectifiers alawulwa nge-silicon Ama-SCR (ama-SCR) azenzele ngokwawo njengamadivayisi abalulekile okulawula nokuguqula amandla kagesi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukuphatha imithwalo emikhulu, amamotho alawulayo, noma ukulungisa ukukhanya nokushisa. Nakuba ukusebenza kwabo kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi ekuqaleni, ukuqonda ukuthi basebenza kanjani nokuthi bahlanganiswe kanjani kumasekethe kulula kakhulu uma uqala ngezinto eziyisisekelo.

Uyazibuza ukuthi iyini i-SCR, isebenza kanjani, isetshenziswa kuphi, noma yiziphi izinzuzo nemikhawulo yayo? Nansi incazelo enemininingwane futhi kulula ukuyiqonda yama-SCR. izitolo ezidayisa ukudla, ingxenye eyinhloko eye yashintsha ukuphathwa kwamandla kagesi kumasekethe esimanje. Uzofunda futhi mayelana nesifundo esiyisibonelo esidumile se I-SCR 2N6504, esetshenziswa kabanzi njengesibonelo sokuqina nokutholakala kwayo.

Iyini i-SCR noma isilungisi esilawulwa yi-silicon?

Un SCR kungumhlobo umshayeli, ithuluzi i-semiconductor yamandla yakhelwe ukusebenza njengeswishi ye-elekthronikhi. Inhloso yayo enkulu ukuvumela noma ukuvimba ukudlula kwamandla kagesi endaweni eyodwa kuphela, okungukuthi, iziphatha ngendlela unidirectional futhi, ngokungafani ne-diode evamile, Ukuqhutshwa kwayo kulawulwa isignali ye-trigger yangaphandleLokhu kulawula kukwenza kube insika yokuphathwa kwamandla kumasekethe ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni nezasekhaya.

I-SCR, ngokungafani ne-PN junction diode yendabuko, iqukethe izingqimba ezine ezishintshanayo we-semiconductor material (PNPN noma i-NPNP) futhi ine amatheminali amathathu: i-anode (A), i-cathode (K), nesango (G). Lesi sakhiwo sisinika ikhono lokuvimba ama-voltage aphezulu uma uphumule, kodwa futhi ukuvumela amaza kagesi aphezulu ukuthi adlule nge-pulse encane nje yokuvula esangweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvamile ukuthi i-SCR nayo ibizwe I-SCR diode, 4-ungqimba diode noma umane umshayeli. Izikhathi eziningi, lapho uzwa igama elithi thyristor, libhekise ngqo ku-SCR.

Ukusebenza okuningiliziwe kwe-SCR

El SCR iziphatha njengeswishi elawulwa ngogesi. Lapho i- i-anode futhi i i-cathode i-voltage eqondile isetshenziswa futhi ku- Isango (G) I-pulse yamanje ephozithivu encane iyayengelwa, idivayisi isuka esimweni sokuvimbela iye esimweni sokuqhuba ngokugcwele, ivumela ukugeleza kwamanje ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi adubule noma ukwenza kusebenze.

Uma isicushiwe, i-SCR ihlala isesimweni sokuqhuba kuze kube ukugeleza kwamanje phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode iwela ngaphansi komkhawulo ochazwe ngaphambiliniubizile ubambe okwamanjeLokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumasekethe we ukushintshana kwamanje (CA), lapho ukuwela i-zero kwesiginali kuvumela i-SCR ukuthi ivale ngokwemvelo.

Emasekhethini we DC (CC), lapho i-trigger pulse isetshenziswa esangweni, i-SCR ivala futhi I-current igeleza ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho ukunikezwa kuphazamiseka noma okwamanje kuncishisiwe ngaphansi komkhawulo odingekayo ukuze uyigcine. Lesi sici senza kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe izindlela ezengeziwe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-DC ukuze kungasebenzi i-SCR ngendlela elawulwayo.

Isakhiwo kanye nophawu lwe-SCR

Ngaphakathi, i-SCR yenziwe ngokulandelana kwezendlalelo ze-semiconductor ezinikeza izici zayo zesici. Ngaphandle, inakho amatheminali amathathu:

• I-Anode (A): Itheminali ephozithivu lapho i-current ingena khona ocingweni.
• I-Cathode (K): Itheminali engalungile lapho kuphuma khona yamanje.
• Isango (G): Lawula itheminali lapho kusetshenziswa i-pulse yokuvula.

Uphawu lohlelo lwe-SCR emidwebeni kagesi lumelelwa umcibisholo (i-anode ukuya ku-cathode) nomugqa owengeziwe oza kudivayisi usuka esangweni, obonisa indawo yokucupha.

Imingcele ebalulekile nezici zikagesi

I-Los SCR Achazwa uchungechunge lwamapharamitha wezobuchwepheshe abalulekile, avumela imodeli efanelekile ukuthi ikhethelwe uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye futhi igweme ukugcwala noma ukulimala:

• I-VRDM (I-Aximum Reverse Spark-Off Voltage): Amandla kagesi aphezulu i-SCR engamelana nawo ngokuchema okuhlanekezela ngaphandle kokuwavula.
• I-VFOM (Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-voltage eya phambili ngaphandle kwenhlansi): I-voltage ephezulu eqondile engakwazi ukumelana nayo ngaphandle kokucushwa.
• IF (Isilinganiso Esiphezulu Esiqondile Samanje): Inani elikhulu lamanje elingageleza ku-SCR ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
• I-PG (Amandla Esango Eliphezulu): Ibonisa ukuchithwa kwamandla okukhulu phakathi kwesango ne-cathode.
• I-VGT/IGT (I-Gate Firing Voltage noma Yamanje): Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuncane okudingekayo esangweni ukuze kusebenze i-SCR.
• IH (Bamba okwamanje): Inani lamanje eliphansi elidingekayo ukuze i-SCR iqhubeke iqhuba ngemva kokuba icushiwe.
• dv/dt: Ukwehluka okukhulu kwamandla kagesi kwamukelwe ngaphandle kokuvula ngephutha i-SCR.
• di/dt: Ubukhulu benguquko yamanje buvunyelwe ngaphambi kokuthi idivayisi yonakale.

Lawa manani ahlala evela kumakhasi obuchwepheshe emodeli ngayinye futhi abalulekile ekulinganiseni i-SCR ngokusekelwe emthwalweni nasezimeni zokusebenza.

Uyivula futhi uyivale kanjani i-SCR?

El adubule Ukusebenza kwe-SCR kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-pulse yamanje evumayo encane esangweni elihlobene ne-cathode. Uma isicushiwe, idivayisi ihlala ivuliwe (iqhuba) inqobo nje uma i-current phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ilingana noma inkulu kune-hold current. Ukuyivala (yikhiye futhi), ezinhlelweni zamanje ezishintshayo, kwanele ukulinda igagasi ukuthi liwele u-zero, ngoba lamanje liwela ngaphansi kwalo mngceleNgokwamanje okuqondile, kuyadingeka ukuphazamisa ukunikezwa kwamandla noma ukusebenzisa amasekethe okuvala angaphandle.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinhloko ze-SCR

Ukuguquguquka kwe-SCR kwenza ibaluleke emikhakheni eminingi:

• Izilungisi ezilawulwayo: Ukuguqula i-alternating current ibe yamanje eqondile ngendlela elawulwayo, okuvumela inani lamandla adluliselwe emthwalweni ukuthi lilungiswe.
• Ukulawulwa kwezinjini zikagesi: Lungisa amandla atholwe izinjini ukuze ulawule isivinini netorque.
• Amasistimu okukhanyisa acishe abe mnyama: Lawula ukuqina kokukhanyisa ekufakweni kwezimboni nezasekhaya.
• Imishini yokushisela: Lawula amandla alethwe ku-arc yokushisela.
• Ukulawula ukushisisa ngogesi: Izithando zomlilo ezinkulu namayunithi okupholisa umoya ayazuza ekusetshenzisweni kwe-SCR ukulungisa ukushisa okukhishwayo.
• Izimpahla zamandla ezimbonini: Zikuvumela ukuthi ulawule inqubo yokushaja ibhethri noma unike amandla amathuluzi amakhulu ngendlela efanele.

Embonini yesimanje, zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuvikela, njengezinto zokunciphisa ama-voltage spikes, nasezinhlelweni eziningi zezimoto nezokuthutha.

Izinhlobo ze-SCR nokuhlukahluka

Kuneziningana Izinhlobo ze-SCR ingashintshwa ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene:

• I-Series Junction SCR (SFS-SCR): Afaka amaseli amaningana ochungechungeni, okuwavumela ukuthi amelane nama-voltage aphezulu kakhulu.
• I-SCR enesango elinwetshiwe (GTO-SCR): Banesango elikhethekile elithuthukisa amandla okulawula, ngisho nokuvumela i-SCR ukuthi ingasebenzi ngokusebenzisa isignali.
• I-Side Door SCR (LGT-SCR): Banokuhlelwa kwesango elihlangothini, okwenza ngcono ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kanye namandla okushintsha.
• I-High voltage SCR (HV-SCR): Idizayinelwe ngokukhethekile izinhlelo zokusebenza kumabanga we-kilovolt.
• I-SCR ye-voltage ephansi (LV-SCR): Isetshenziswa kumasekhethi lapho ukufunwa kwamandla kagesi kuphansi, njengezilawuli zasekhaya noma amasistimu kagesi aphathwayo.

Okuhlukile ngakunye kuphendula esidingweni esithile sezimboni noma sobuchwepheshe, esivumele i-SCR ukuthi inwebe ngokushesha kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ukuvikela nokunakekela okubalulekile lapho usebenzisa i-SCR

Njengamadivayisi kagesi, ama-SCR angaphansi kwezimo zikagesi ezinzima. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwabo nokwandisa isikhathi sabo sokuphila, kunconywa ngaso sonke isikhathi:

• Faka amasinki okushisa: Kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kokulawula futhi ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile.
• Faka ukuvikela okushisayo: Sebenzisa ama-thermostat noma izinzwa eziqapha izinga lokushisa ledivayisi, ukuvikela ukulimala okuvela ekushiseni ngokweqile.
• Vikela ekukhuphukeni kwamandla: Engeza ama-varistors, ama-avalanche diode, noma izicindezeli zokuhlinza ukuze uvimbele ukwanda okuyingozi kugridi.
• Sebenzisa amafuse noma ama-circuit breaker: Ukuvimbela umonakalo ovela ku-overcurrents ngephutha.
• Beka ama-diode okuvimbela ku-antiparallel: Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwe-polarity okuphambene nesekhethi.

Ukuvikela okuphelele kwe-SCR akuthuthukisi ukuphepha kwesistimu kuphela, kodwa futhi kunciphisa izidingo zokunakekelwa kanye nobungozi bokuphuka okungaba khona.

Ubuhle nokubi kwe-SCR uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilungisi

Izilungisi ezilawulwa nge-silicon zinezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile:

• Ukulawula amandla okunembayo: Isikhathi kanye nenani lamandla adluliselwe emthwalweni kungalungiswa ngokucupha.
• Basekela imisinga ephezulu kanye nama-voltages: Ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu.
• Ukuqina okuphezulu nokuthembeka: Angamadivaysi aqinile, anempilo ende ewusizo uma esetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.
• umklamo ohlangene: Bathatha indawo encane uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo ezivamile ze-electromechanical.

Nokho, futhi banemikhawulo ethile:

• Ukushayela indlela eyodwa: Ama-SCR avumela kuphela okwamanje ukuthi kugeleze ohlangothini olulodwa, okukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamanye ama-topology wesifunda.
• I-voltage yehla ngesikhathi sokushayela: Lokhu kubandakanya ukulahleka kwamandla, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphezulu amanje.
• Izikhathi zokuphendula: Azilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zemvamisa ephezulu kakhulu (ngaphezulu kuka-400 Hz) njengoba ukubambezeleka kokuvula/ukuvala kungaholela ekungasebenzini kahle.
• Izindleko nosayizi ezinhlelweni ezidinga kakhulu: Imishini enamandla amakhulu ingaba yinqwaba futhi ibize.

Ibhalansi ivame ukuvuna ama-SCR uma kukhulunywa ngezimboni, amandla, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu.

Umthelela wemvamisa ne-voltage ekukhetheni kwe-SCR

La imvamisa wokushintshana kwamanje kanye inani le-voltage elisebenzayo zinquma izici lapho kukhethwa i-SCR. Uma i-frequency iphezulu kakhulu, i- isikhathi esitholakalayo sokuvula nokuvala sincishisiwe, okwandisa amathuba okungasebenzi kahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa okwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwe-voltage esebenzayo, Kudingeka amadivayisi akwazi ukumelana nemisinga ephezulu, kubalulekile ukukhetha i-SCR enemininingwane ehambisana nezidingo zangempela zesekethe.

Ekwakhiweni, kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela umthamo wezakhi ezisizayo, njengama-transformers, ama-capacitor, nezinhlelo zokuhlunga, okumele zilinganiswe ukuze zisebenze ngokuvumelana ne-SCR ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezilindelekile.

Asetshenziswa kuphi ama-SCR futhi iyini imikhawulo yawo?

I-Los SCR Zikhona ezinhlelweni ezahlukene ezifana nalezi:

• Izimpahla zikagesi zemishini kagesi.
• Ukulawulwa kwezinjini zikagesi zokulawula isivinini.
• Amasistimu okushisa ezimboni kanye nezithando zikagesi.
• Amasistimu okukhanyisa acimekayo.
• Imishini yokushisela yezimboni nezobuchwepheshe.

Noma kunjalo, SCR Azifanele zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, azisebenzi kahle kumafrikhwensi aphezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-400 Hz), zihlupheka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla kagesi, futhi zingase zingabi nezomnotho ezinhlelweni zamandla aphansi noma ezinesivinini esikhulu, lapho amanye ama-semiconductors afana ama-transistors kungase kuthandeke.

Ukuqhathanisa namanye amadivaysi kanye nemindeni ye-thyristor

Emndenini we-thyristor, ngaphezu kwama-SCR, sithola izingxenye ezifana ne I-DIAC (i-alternating diode yamanje), i I-Triac (alternating current triode), the I-Shockley diode (izingqimba ezine) kanye ne PUT (ehlelekayo unijunction transistor). Ngayinye inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene, kodwa i-SCR igqama ngekhono layo lokuphatha amandla aphezulu kanye nokulawula isango layo, okuyenza ilungele ukulungiswa okulawulwayo kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla ezinhlelweni zezimboni.

Isibonelo esisebenzayo: SCR 2N6504

El 2N6504 Ingenye yezinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-SCR ezinhlelweni zamandla aphakathi nendawo naphezulu. Le divayisi isekela amanani aphezulu wamanje kanye ne-voltage, futhi ishidi layo lokucaciswa ngokuvamile libonisa:

• I-voltage enkulu eqondile ephakathi kuka-400 no-800 V.
• Isilinganiso esiphezulu samanje sikhulu kuno-25 A.
• Eyehlisiwe isango le-trigger yamanje, ukulawula okulula okunamasiginali wamandla aphansi.

Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwe- 2N6504 Isezinhlelweni zokulawula isivinini zamamotho asebenza emhlabeni wonke, lapho ivulwa khona ngezikhathi ezithile kumjikelezo wamanje oshintshanayo ukuze kulungiswe amandla anikeziwe kanye nokulawula isivinini netorque.

Ukulinganisa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-SCR

Ukuhlola isimo se-SCR, a multimeter kumodi ye-diodeAmatheminali ahlonziwe, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode, futhi i-pulse emfushane esangweni isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuqhuba. Uma i-SCR iqhubeka nokuqhuba lapho i-pulse isusiwe, i-SCR isesimweni esihle. Ukuze uthole ukuhlola okujulile, kunconywa ukuthi ulandele imiyalelo yomkhiqizi futhi uhlole ishidi ledatha.

Qonda ngokujulile ukusebenza kwe-a SCR kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo ezinhlelweni zamanje ze-elekthronikhi kuyisihluthulelo salabo abasebenza ngamandla kagesi kanye ne-automation yezimboni. Amadivayisi afana ne- 2N6504 Ziyisibonelo samandla nokuguquguquka kwalezi zingxenye, okuthi, uma zilinganiswe kahle futhi zivikelwe, zinikeze izixazululo eziphumelelayo nezithembekile zokulawulwa kwamandla kagesi ezinhlelweni zesimanje.