Umqondo webhethri le-quantum elisebenzayo ususukile embonweni waya elabhorethri . Iqembu labacwaningi base-Australia liphumelele ekwakheni lokho osekubhekwa njengesibonelo sokuqala esiphelele esikwazi ukushaja, ukugcina amandla, nokuwakhipha ngendlela elawulwayo—into kuze kube manje ebihlolwe ephepheni noma ngemiboniso engaphelele. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuvula umnyango wendlela entsha yokuqonda ukugcinwa kwamandla, okuhluke kakhulu kumabhethri amakhemikhali akudala esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke.
Okwenza lokhu kuthuthuka kugqame kakhulu ukuthi ukusebenza kwebhethri kuyathuthuka njengoba idivayisi iba nkulu , okuphambene nalokho okwenzeka ngamabhethri avamile. Ubuchwepheshe buthembele ezintweni ezivela kuma-quantum mechanics, njenge-superposition kanye ne-entanglement, ukuze kufezwe ukushaja okusheshayo kakhulu, okungenzeka ngaphandle kwentambo nangokude, kanye nokusebenza kahle okungathi, uma kwandiswa, kunciphise amabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje abe ngasasebenzi.
Iyini ngempela ibhethri le-quantum?
Ngaphambi kokuchaza kabanzi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi ibhethri libe yi-quantum. Ngokungafani namabhethri endabuko, agcina amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical ngaphakathi kwamaseli awo, ibhethri le-quantum lisebenzisa izimo ze-quantum zezinhlayiya (ezifana nama-athomu noma ama-molecule) ukugcina amandla angaba khona. Lawa mandla "agcinwa" lapho lezi zinhlayiya zivuselelwa emazingeni aphezulu amandla bese kamuva zikhishwa ngendlela elawulwayo.
Empeleni, akukho bhethri eligcina ugesi ongahluziwe , kodwa kunalokho amandla angaba khona aguqulwa kamuva abe ugesi noma olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi owusizo. Kusukela kumabhethri e-lithium efonini ephathekayo kuya ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe ekudonseleni amandla ezisebenzisa amandla ezakhiwo noma izakhiwo ezinde, zonke zisebenza ngokugcina lo mthamo wokwenza umsebenzi nokuwukhulula lapho kudingeka. Amabhethri e-quantum awashintshi lesi simiso esijwayelekile, kodwa ayashintsha indlela esetshenziswa ngayo.
Impumelelo eyinhloko ilele eqinisweni lokuthi ibhethri le-quantum lisebenzisa izimo ze-quantum mechanical ezifana ne-superposition kanye ne-entanglement . Esikhundleni sokuthembela ekufudukeni okuhamba kancane kwama-ion nge-electrolyte, lisebenzisa izimo ze-quantum ezihlangene ezivumela ukusebenzisana okusheshayo kakhulu namandla okufaka, isibonelo, ukukhanya okuvela ku-laser.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile kumabhethri avamile ukuthi amayunithi okugcina angaphakathi ebhethri le-quantum awasebenzi ngokuzimela . Kunokuba asebenze njengamaseli ahlukene, ukuziphatha kwawo kuhlobene kakhulu: uhlelo luyashaja futhi luguquke luphelele, okuholela emiphumeleni ehlangene engatholakali kuma-elekthronikhi avamile.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokwandisa inani lamayunithi e-quantum akha ibhethri, akugcini nje ngokwandisa umthamo, kodwa nesikhathi sokushaja siyancishiswa . Ngamanye amazwi, ibhethri elikhulu le-quantum alithathi isikhathi eside ukushaja, kodwa lithatha isikhathi esincane—ukuziphatha okuphambene ngokuphelele nobuchwepheshe esibusebenzisa namuhla.
Imodeli yokuqala esebenzayo: ubani obangela impumelelo
Ingqophamlando ifinyelelwe yithimba labacwaningi base-Australia ngokubambisana nososayensi abavela kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi kwamagama avelele kakhulu kukhona uJames Quach, ovela ejensi yesayensi kazwelonke yase-Australia i-CSIRO , kanye nochwepheshe abanjengoJames Hutchison noTrevor Smith abavela eNyuvesi yaseMelbourne, uDaniel Tibben wase-RMIT University, kanye noKieran Hymas, naye ovela e-CSIRO. Eziningana zalezi zikhungo ziphambili ocwaningweni olusezingeni eliphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe be-photonics kanye ne-quantum.
Leli qembu lishicilele imiphumela yalo kumagazini i- Light: Science & Applications , ephepheni lobuchwepheshe elinesihloko esithi "Amandla kagesi aphezulu kakhulu avela ebhethri le-quantum." Lesi sihloko sichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi bafinyelele kanjani, okokuqala, umjikelezo webhethri ophelele: ukushaja, ukugcina, nokukhipha amandla ohlelweni olulodwa olusebenzayo.
Umqondo webhethri le-quantum awumusha: wahlongozwa okokuqala cishe ngo-2013, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amamodeli emfundiso kanye nemiboniso engaphelele iye yabekwa phambili. Kodwa-ke, akukho neyodwa yalezi zakhiwo ekwazile ukuhlanganisa zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokusebenza kudivayisi eyodwa esebenzayo. Noma ngabe ukushaja kwaboniswa, kodwa kwakungekho ndlela ewusizo yokukhipha amandla, noma izimo ezidingekayo (njengokushisa okukhulu) zaba yinto engenakwenzeka.
Ithimba likaQuach belilokhu lilandela lo mbono kusukela ngo-2018. Ngo-2022, bethule iphrothokholi yokuqala eyabonisa ngokuhlola ukuziphatha kokushaja okusheshayo njengoba usayizi ukhuphuka, besebenzisa i -microcavity eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yemvelo - isakhiwo esinezingqimba esasibamba ukukhanya ngendlela ethile. Nokho, leyo nguqulo yayingenayo indlela ephumelelayo yokuguqula amandla abanjwe abe ugesi ongasetshenziswa.
Emsebenzini wabo omusha, abacwaningi bathathe isinyathelo esilandelayo: ukwengeza izendlalelo ezengeziwe kudivayisi ezivumela ukuthi iguqule lawo mandla agciniwe abe ugesi . Ngale ndlela, i-prototype yamanje ayikwazi nje ukushaja nokubamba amandla isikhathi esilinganiselwe, kodwa futhi iwakhiphe njengomsinga kagesi, iqedele umjikelezo wangempela wokusebenza kwebhethri.
Indlela ibhethri le-quantum elakhiwe ngayo nokuthi lisebenza kanjani
I-prototype eseyasabalala kakhulu empeleni iyithuluzi elincane le-organic elenziwe ngezendlalelo eziningi , elihlelwe ngohlobo lwe-"sandwich" ye-nanometric. Lo mklamo waziwa ngokuthi yi-microcavity ye-organic futhi wenzelwe ngqo ukusebenzisana nokukhanya kwe-laser ngempumelelo enkulu.
Ukushaja kwenziwa ngaphandle kwentambo: umsebe we-laser ushaya idivayisi futhi amandla ayo amuncwa cishe ngokushesha , kulokho abacwaningi abakuchaza njengesiqephu "sokumuncwa okukhulu." Esikhundleni sokuthi iyunithi ngayinye yebhethri yangaphakathi imunce ukukhanya ngokuzimela, uhlelo luziphatha njengento yonke ehlangene, lugwinya amandla ndawonye futhi ngokushesha okukhulu.
Uma uhlelo seluvukile, amandla agcinwa ezimweni ze-quantum zezingxenye eziphilayo ze-microcavity , okufana nalokho okwenzeka kuma-athomu lapho i-electron igxuma iye endaweni ephakeme yamandla. Lawa mandla agciniwe agcinwa isikhathi esifushane kodwa esilinganiswayo, ngemva kwalokho angakhishwa njengogesi kagesi kusetshenziswa izendlalelo ezingezwe enguqulweni yakamuva ye-prototype.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu kuziphatha, ibhethri lithembele emiphumeleni ye-quantum ehlanganisiwe . Amayunithi amancane kakhulu alakhayo (amaseli e-quantum) awasebenzi njengamabhulokhi amancane, ahlukanisiwe, kodwa njengohlelo olulodwa, oluhlanganisiwe lapho zonke izinto zihlobene kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuphumela ekushintsheni kokushaja okukhethekile kakhulu.
Umphumela uba ukuthi, njengoba inani lamaseli e-quantum likhula, akugcini nje ngokukhula kwamandla aphelele , kodwa nesivinini sokushaja ngeseli ngalinye siyanda. Yilokhu abacwaningi abakuchaza njengokuziphatha "okubanzi kakhulu": amandla okushaja akhula ngokushesha kunosayizi webhethri.
Isici esiyinhloko: usayizi omkhulu, isikhathi esifushane sokulayisha
Ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion noma i-lead-acid, njengoba noma yimuphi umsebenzisi azi, uma umthamo uphakeme, isikhathi sokushaja siba side kakhulu . Ifoni ephathekayo enebhethri elikhulu ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukufinyelela ku-100% kunebhethri elincane, kanti imoto kagesi idinga amahora amaningi ukushaja ngokugcwele, kuyilapho ithangi likaphethiloli lingagcwala ngemizuzu embalwa nje.
Amabhethri e-quantum ayawuphikisa ngokuphelele lo mbono. Ngenxa yemiphumela ye-superposition kanye ne-embellishment, amaseli e-quantum akha ibhethri ayazuza ngokusebenza ndawonye . Uma amaseli amaningi exhunywe kudivayisi, kulapho isivinini sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sikhula khona. Ngakho-ke abacwaningi bathi: amabhethri e-quantum ashaja ngokushesha kakhulu uma emakhulu.
Kumodeli wamanje, izikhathi ezilinganisiwe ziyamangalisa: ukushaja kwenzeka ngokulandelana kwamasekhondi angu -10⁻¹⁵, kuyilapho amandla atholakalayo egcinwa amasekhondi angu-nano (amasekhondi angu-10⁻⁹). Kukhona umehluko wama-oda ayisithupha ngobukhulu phakathi kwalezi zibalo ezimbili.
UJames Quach ngokwakhe ubonisa lokhu ngesibonelo esicacile kakhulu: uma ibhethri elivamile lingashajwa ngomzuzu owodwa, lesi silinganiso se-oda eziyisithupha sobukhulu singasho ukuthi lingahlala lishajwa iminyaka engaba mibili . Elabhorethri, amanani aphelele asencane kakhulu, kodwa ukungafani phakathi kwesikhathi sokushaja nesikhathi sokugcina amandla yikho okujabulisa umphakathi wesayensi ngempela.
Amandla wamandla afinyelelwe yi-prototype asencane kakhulu, ngokwezigidigidi zama-electronvolts , okuyisibalo, yize sihlaba umxhwele, esisilele kakhulu uma sihunyushwa ezidingweni zamandla zedivayisi yangempela kagesi. Noma kunjalo, njengobufakazi bomqondo, kukhombisa ukuthi isimo sokushaja okusheshayo kakhulu kanye nokugcina isikhashana kodwa okusebenzayo kungenzeka endaweni yokuhlola ekushiseni kwegumbi.
Imikhawulo yamanje kanye nezinselele okumelwe zixazululwe
Naphezu kwentshiseko, abacwaningi ngokwabo baphikelela ngokuthi amabhethri e-quantum asekude kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano . Inani lamandla i-prototype engawagcina lincane kakhulu, futhi isikhathi esigcina lawo mandla silinganiswa ngamasekhondi amancane—ingxenye yomzuzwana okwenza kube nzima ngokuphelele ukunika amandla ifoni ephathekayo, ikhompyutha, noma imoto kagesi enobuchwepheshe bamanje.
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo ze-quantum zihlala zizinzile lapho kubhekene nokuphazamiseka kwemvelo. Noma yikuphi ukushintshashintsha okuncane kwezinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, noma umsindo we-electromagnetic kungaletha ukungalingani—okungukuthi, kuphule ukuhlanganiswa kwe-quantum okubucayi okuvumela ukumuncwa kakhulu nokukhishwa okuphumelelayo.
Ngamazwi eqembu, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwandisa usayizi wedivayisi nokwandisa isikhathi sayo sokugcina ukushaja . Umgomo wokugcina ukwakha imiklamo ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa okuhle kakhulu kuzo zombili lezi zindawo: isivinini sokushaja kwe-quantum nokuqina kanye nomthamo wokugcina wamabhethri endabuko.
Okunye okukhathazayo ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokushaja nokukhipha amandla . Ohlelweni lwe-quantum lwangempela, ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile kungasusa izinzuzo zemfundiso ezisebenzayo. Ukufeza izakhiwo ezinciphisa lokhu kulahlekelwa kungenye yezindawo ezisebenzayo kakhulu zocwaningo.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokuhlola e-Australia, amaqembu emfundiso kwamanye amazwe, njengeShayina, agxile ekutholeni izinhlaka zomqondo zokwenza amabhethri e-quantum aqine kakhulu . Phakathi kwalezi zindlela zocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa kwemibono evela ku-topology ukuklama amabhethri e-quantum azinzile kuyagqama.
I-Topology namabhethri e-quantum: umnikelo wemfundiso ovela eShayina
Nakuba iqembu likaQuach lithuthuka elabhorethri, amanye amaqembu asebenza ohlangothini lwethiyori ukuze anqobe imikhawulo engokoqobo. Abacwaningi abavela eRIKEN Center for Quantum Computing kanye naseHuazhong University of Science and Technology baphakamise ukwakheka kwebhethri le-quantum elihlose ukufeza ukudluliselwa kwamandla okucishe kuphelele kanye nokuvikeleka okukhulu ekushabalaleni.
Ekuhlaziyeni kwabo, okushicilelwe ku- Physical Review Journals , bachaza imodeli esekelwe kuma-photonic waveguides nama-athomu anezinga ezimbili, lapho izakhiwo ze-topological zesistimu zivumela amandla ukuthi ahambe ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye ngokulahlekelwa okuncane. Le ndlela isebenzisa izakhiwo ezihlala zingaguquki ngaphansi kokuguquguquka okuncane , okwenza inqubo yokushaja nokukhipha iqine kakhulu ekungaphelelini kwangempela kudivayisi.
Ngokusho kwababhali, kungenzeka ukuthola ukucushwa lapho uhlelo luba cishe luvikelekile ekushabalaleni , esinye sezitha eziyinhloko zamabhethri e-quantum. Uma lolu hlobo lwemiklamo lungahunyushwa lusuka endaweni yemfundiso luye kumadivayisi angokoqobo, ezinye zezithiyo ezivimbela ukuguquka kusuka kuma-prototype amancane kuya kumabhethri e-quantum anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo zinganqotshwa.
UZhi-Guang Lu, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, ugcizelela ukuthi lolu chungechunge locwaningo lunikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamabhethri e-quantum ngaphansi kwezimo ezingokoqobo . Umgomo omkhulu ukusheshisa ukuguquka kusuka kumamodeli afanele kuya kumadivayisi okugcina amandla amancane angasebenza ngaphandle kwelabhorethri.
Lo mzamo wethiyori uphelelisa umsebenzi wokuhlola wamaqembu afana nowase-Australia, udala uhlelo lokucwaninga lapho ithiyori iqondisa khona ukwakheka okusha kwe-prototype , bese imiphumela esebenzayo ihlinzeka ngempendulo futhi ilungise amamodeli ezibalo.
Izicelo ezingaba khona: kusukela ku-quantum computing kuya ezimotweni zikagesi
Amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo yemvelo elawula amabhethri e-quantum, futhi adinga imithombo yamandla enembile kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle ukuze afake amandla izingxenye zawo ezibucayi. Ibhethri le-quantum elakhelwe ngqo lezi zinhlelo linganikeza amandla ahambisanayo ngendlela ethuthukisiwe, linciphise ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuphazamiseka okuthinta ama-qubit.
Ochwepheshe abanjengo- Andrew White, umqondisi webhubhu yobuchwepheshe be-quantum eNyuvesi yaseQueensland , bagcizelele ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamadivayisi lungaba yinto edingekayo ukuze i-quantum computing ikhule ibe yimishini emikhulu newusizo kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi i-prototype esebenzayo isivele ikhona libonisa ukuthi ibhethri le-quantum alisekho nje ukuqagela.
Uma bebheka phambili, abacwaningi bacabanga ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokushaja ngaphandle kwentambo ama-drone endizeni noma izimoto ezishaja ngenkathi zishayela . Ikhono lebhethri le-quantum lokumunca ukukhanya kwe-laser kude, ngaphandle kwezintambo, livula umnyango wezimo lapho ingqalasizinda yokushaja ingahluka kakhulu kulokho eyikho namuhla.
UJames Quach uze wacabanga ngekusasa lapho izimoto zikagesi kungadingeki zimiswe endaweni ethile ukuze zishajwe; kunalokho, amandla anikezwa ngamandla ngenkathi imoto iqhubeka. Konke lokhu, vele, kuncike kubuchwepheshe obunqoba izithiyo ezinkulu zobukhulu nokuzinza esabhekene nazo.
Umehluko ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion kanye nezinzuzo ezingaba khona
Amabhethri e-lithium-ion manje aseyindinganiso yangempela kumaselula, kuma-laptop nasezimotweni zikagesi, kodwa eza nemikhawulo eyaziwayo : izikhathi zokushaja ezinde, ukuwohloka kwemijikelezo, izingozi zokushisa ngokweqile kanye nemikhawulo yamandla okuphoqa ukusesha ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo.
Ngokwethiyori, ibhethri le-quantum linganikeza ukushaja okusheshayo kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okukhulu ekukhipheni umsebenzi owusizo emandleni agciniwe. Ngokuthembela ezimweni ze-quantum kunezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihamba kancane, ijubane lokushaja ngeke lilinganiselwe ukufuduka kwama-ion, futhi amandla akhiqizwa ngeyunithi ngayinye angaba phezulu kakhulu.
Enye inzuzo engaba khona ukuthi, uma eklanywe kahle, amabhethri e-quantum angasebenza ekushiseni kwegumbi ngaphandle kwesidingo se-cryogenics eqisayo, okuyisici esibalulekile sokwamukelwa kwawo kabanzi. I-prototype yase-Australia isivele isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezizungezile, okubonisa ukuthi, okungenani ngezinga elincane, indawo engavamile ayidingeki ukuze le miphumela ibonakale.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuba lokushaja okungenantambo okude kusetshenziswa ama-laser lingaba ushintsho olukhulu endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngengqalasizinda yokushaja. Cabanga ngeziteshi zokushaja ze-laser ezisatshalalisiwe ezinika amandla ama-drone, izinzwa ezikude, noma izimoto, kunciphisa isidingo sezintambo, ama-plug, kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi eside.
Kodwa-ke, kuyaxwayiswa ukuthi: lezi zinzuzo, okwamanje, ziyizithembiso ezinemibandela, ezincike ekutheni ubuchwepheshe bungakhuliswa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yizakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-quantum . Kuze kube yilapho amadivayisi anamakhono okugcina awusizo kanye nezikhathi zokugcina amandla ezinde kakhulu efinyelelwa, azohlala eyisithasiselo selabhorethri, hhayi indawo esheshayo yamabhethri amanje.
Umsebenzi wamaqembu ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, kusukela e-Australia kuya eShayina, ubonisa ukuthi insimu yamabhethri e-quantum ingena esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwesayensi . Izibonelo zokuqala ezisebenzayo kanye namamodeli e-theory athuthukile abonisa ukuthi lokhu akuyona nje inganekwane yesayensi, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obunamandla angempela, yize busalinganiselwe ezikalini ezincane kakhulu.
Namuhla, isimo samabhethri e-quantum sikhumbuza esamakhompyutha okuqala e-quantum: amadivayisi aphansi agcwele izinselele zobuchwepheshe , kodwa asevele eqe umngcele phakathi komqondo wemfundiso kanye nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo. Uma abacwaningi bekwazi ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza, bandise umthamo, futhi bahumushe imiklamo ye-topological kusuka ephepheni kuya kuma-chip, singabona, emashumini eminyaka ezayo, umqondo wamabhethri ushintsha kakhulu njengalawo amakhompyutha ngokwawo.
