Wake wazibuza ukuthi izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezivumela amadivayisi anesivinini esikhulu ukwenza imisebenzi kuma-millisecond asebenza kanjani? Impendulo ingase ilele kwesinye sezici ezingavamile nezithakazelisa kakhulu zama-electronics wesimanje: the I-tunnel diode, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Esaki diodeLolu cingo, nakuba lungavamile kangako kuma-elekthronikhi ajwayelekile, lunezici ezihlukile ezilunikeza indima ebalulekile kuma-high-frequency kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesivinini esikhulu.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umhlaba wama-tunnel diode, imvelaphi yawo, ukusebenza kwawo kwenani, izinto ezenziwe ngazo, izici zawo zikagesi ezihlukile, izinzuzo nemikhawulo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamanje. Sizophinde sibuyekeze amamodeli athile afana ne 1N3716 noma i 1N3755Lungela ukuthola ukuthi kungani le ngxenye encane iguqule imboni nokuthi, ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yayo, ihlala ibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.
Uyini umhubhe noma i-Esaki diode?
El I-tunnel diode, ebizwa nangokuthi I-Esaki diode eqanjwe ngomsunguli wayo u-Leo Esaki, owaklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize in Physics ngo-1973, luhlobo olukhethekile lwe-semiconductor diode olubonakala ngokusebenza kwalo. I-PN junction ene-doped kakhulu futhi emincane. Le doping enamandla ivumela into ye-quantum mechanical eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela womhubhe, lapho abathwali bezimali beqa umgoqo ongase ube khona ngisho nalapho, ngokwemithetho yasendulo, kungafanele benze kanjalo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-diode esignali ajwayelekile, okuhlangana kwawo kwe-PN kunokugxilisa ukungcola okuphansi kakhulu (cishe ingxenye engu-1 kwabayi-108), i-tunnel diode ithatha i-doping ibe emazingeni adlulele, cishe 1 ingxenye kwezi-103. Lokhu kukhiqiza a indawo encane kakhulu yokuncipha noma ubumpofu, okuwukhiye ukuze kubonakale umphumela womhubhe.
Umgomo wokusebenza: Umphumela we-quantum tunneling
Ukusebenza kwe-a I-tunnel diode Isekelwe ku-quantum mechanics, lapho kunethuba elilinganiselwe lokuthi ama-electron, nakuba engenawo amandla anele okuwela umgoqo ongase ube khona ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yakudala, angadlula kuwo njengokungathi "adonsa" kuwo. amathuba okudonsa kwandisa umgoqo ophansi, ofinyelelwa ngokunembile ngokugxila okuphezulu kwama-dopants ku-PN junction ye-diode.
Ngokwezibalo, amathuba okuthi P wezinhlayiyana eziwela umgoqo ancike kakhulu kukho kokubili amandla okuvimbela (Eb) njengeyakhe ububanzi (W):
I-P α exp(-A × Eb × W)
Lapho u-A ehlala ehlobene nezakhiwo zezinto. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi, ku-diode yomhubhe, lesi sivimbelo sincane kangangokuthi ngisho namandla aphansi kune-theoretical anele ukuthi ama-electron awele kuwo.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nezinto zokwakha: Ngaphandle kwe-silicon
Ngokungafani nama-silicon diode ajwayelekile, ama-diode omhubhe Ngokuvamile zenziwa nge i-germanium, i-gallium arsenide o i-gallium antimonideIsizathu sokungasebenzisi i-silicon ukuthi izinto ezishiwo ngenhla zivumela isilinganiso esingcono phakathi kwamanje esiphezulu (i-peak current) kanye nenani elincane lamanje (i-valley current), elibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kwengxenye. Ukuhlangana okujwayelekile kwe-PN kunendawo yokuncipha yokuqina okukhulu; ku-diode yomhubhe, lesi sifunda sincane ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-100, cishe ngama-nanometer ayi-10.
La ukugcwala okuphezulu kokungcola kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-PN junction kusho ukuthi iningi labathwali bokushaja (ama-electron nezimbobo) bakhona ngobuningi, kuvumela umphumela womhubhe ngisho nakumehluko omncane kakhulu ongaba khona. Ngenxa yalokho, iba idivayisi ebucayi kakhulu, elungele ukushintshwa okushesha kakhulu.
Izici zikagesi: Ukuphikiswa okungekuhle kanye namajika e-VI
Enye ye izici eziphawuleka kakhulu we-tunnel diode ukuthi iyakhombisa ukumelana okungekuhle engxenyeni yejika lesici se-voltage-current (VI). Lokhu kusho ukuthi, njengoba i-voltage eya phambili ikhula, i-current first ikhuphuka ngokushesha ize ifinyelele phezulu (iphuzu eliphakeme), kodwa-ke, uma i-voltage ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, yamanje iyancipha ibe yincane (iphuzu lesigodi), bese iphinda ikhule njenge-diode evamile.
Lesi simo, i indawo yokumelana engalungile, iyisisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-tunnel diode, njengokukhiqizwa kwama-oscillations aphezulu. Ijika lesici lingafinyezwa kumaphuzu abalulekile alandelayo:
- Indawo yokuqala yokuqhuba: ukwanda kwamanje ngokukhuphuka kwe-voltage eqondile.
- Iphuzu eliphakeme: umkhawulo wamanje (Ip) ne-voltage ehlobene (Vp).
- Indawo yokumelana ne-Negative: i-current iyancipha ngisho noma i-voltage ikhuphuka, ize ifike endaweni yesigodi.
- Iphuzu lesigodi: ubuncane bamanje (Iv) obunogesi wesigodi (Vv).
- Kusukela lapha kuya phambili, ukuziphatha kufana nalokho kwe-diode evamile.
Ngokuphambene, i- I-tunnel diode Iphinde ibe ne-conductivity ebalulekile, ngenxa yomphumela womhubhe, ovumela amandla akhona ahlehlayo aphezulu ukuthi ajikeleze ngisho nakuma-voltage aphansi.
Uphawu lukagesi kanye nesekhethi efanayo
El uphawu Ukumelwa kwe-diode yethaneli ku-schematics kagesi kungase kuhluke kancane, kodwa empeleni kubonisa ukuhlangana kwe-PN okunomumo ohlukile ukuze kuphawulwe ukuziphatha kwayo okukhethekile. I-anode (P) ne-cathode (N) zihlukaniswa ngokucacile.
Ngokuba ukuhlaziywa kwesifunda, kusetshenziswa imodeli elingana nesignali encane ehlanganisa:
- Una ukumelana okungalungile (-Ro) okuhlotshaniswa nesifunda sokumelana okungalungile.
- Una uchungechunge lwe-inductance (Ls) ngaphesheya kwamatheminali e-diode.
- Una amandla okuhlangana (C).
Le nhlanganisela yama-elementi ibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-diode yomhubhe ezinhlelweni ze-high-frequency futhi ibalulekile ekubikezeleni impendulo yayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwama-diode omhubhe
Ngenxa yakhe ikhono elingavamile lokushintsha ngokushesha isimo somuntu sokushayela, i-diode yomhubhe iboniswe ikakhulukazi:
- Ama-microwave kanye nama-oscillator aphezulu: Basebenzisa indawo ephikisayo yokumelana ukuze bakhe futhi balondoloze ukuzungeza kukagesi okuzinzile, okubalulekile kwezokuxhumana, ama-radar namasistimu angenawaya.
- Ama-amplifiers okubonisa: isetshenziswe ekucushweni lapho ukukhulisa kuyadingeka kumafrikhwensi lapho ama-transistors ajwayelekile engasebenzi kahle.
- Amaswishi anesivinini esikhulu: sibonga uguquko olucishe lube khona manjalo phakathi kwezifunda zokushayela nezingashayeli.
- Iziguquli zemvamisa: Ikhono layo lokusebenza kukho kokubili ukuchema okuya phambili nokuhlehlayo kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzixube zesignali.
- Izinkumbulo ezinengqondo kumasekhethi edijithali: ukuzinza kwayo endaweni yokumelana engalungile isetshenziselwa ukugcinwa kwesikhashana kolwazi.
Nakuba zinikeza izinzuzo zokuvama okuphezulu, azikulungele ukulungiswa okuvamile ngenxa yokuvuza okuphawulekayo okuhlanekezela emuva, okukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusabalele.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-tunnel diode
El I-tunnel diode Inezici eziyingqayizivele, enezinzuzo kanye nokubi okufanele kucatshangelwe. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo, a isivinini sokusebenza esisheshayo y umsindo ophansiNokho, iphinde ibe nokulinganiselwa, njengokuthi a amandla aphezulu aphansi kanye nemikhawulo ku-voltage yokusebenza.
- Izinzuzo:
- Isivinini sokusebenza esiphezulu kakhulu, ilungele ukushintsha nokukhiqizwa kwesignali kumabhendi e-microwave.
- Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi nokuba lula okwakhayo uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amadivaysi anemvamisa ephezulu.
- Izinga lomsindo eliphansi ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.
- Ukuzivikela okuhle kwemvelo nempilo ende yesevisi ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo okuqinile.
- nebubi:
- Amandla aphezulu aphansi, okwenza ingafaneleki ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi.
- Ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi alinganiselwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwesignali yokuphumayo.
- Akukho ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kokufaka nokuphumayo ukuba idivayisi yamatheminali amabili.
- Ubunzima ekukhiqizeni ngezinga elikhulu kanye nemikhawulo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile.
Amamodeli nezibonelo: I-Tunnel diodes 1N3716 ne-1N3755
Phakathi kwamamodeli omlando futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-diode omhubhe ivelele 1N3716 y 1N3755, edumile kumalabhorethri e-microwave, eziteshini zokuxhumana, kanye nomklamo we-prototype. Zombili zibonakala ngokuvumela amaza okusebenza aphezulu kakhulu futhi ziphendule ngempumelelo ezifundeni ezingezinhle zokumelana. Ulwazi lwezinhlobo ezithile ezifana ne-Schottky diode ingahambisana nokuqonda kwalezi zisetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile.
El 1N3716 Iveza ijika lesici elivamile lama-diode emhubhe, anevoltheji ephezulu kakhulu ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nesivinini sokuphendula esilungile sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-microwave kanye nokushintsha okusheshayo. Ngokwengxenye yayo, i 1N3755 Inikeza ukucaciswa okufanayo kodwa iyahlukahluka ngemininingwane efana ne-voltage yokusebenza kanye nobubanzi bamanje, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekucushweni okukhethekile kwe-high-frequency electronics.
Ukuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo zama-diode
Izwe lama-diode linezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, njengama-signal diode, ama-Zener diode, ama-Schottky diode noma ama-rectifier diode. I-tunnel diode Ihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi:
- Ungabi wusizo ekulungiseni ngenxa yokuvuza kokuvuza okuphambene okuphezulu.
- Ukwazi ukushintsha isimo ngokushesha okukhulu kune-Schottky noma amanye ama-diode anesivinini esikhulu.
- Bonisa isifunda se ukuphikiswa okumakwe kakhulu (ayikho kwamanye ama-diode ajwayelekile).
- Ukudinga izinto ezithile kanye ne-doping ukuze isebenze kahle, ngokungafani ne-silicon ye-diode evamile.
Lezi zici zenza i-diode yomhubhe ikhetheke kuma-niches lapho amanye amadivaysi engakwazi ukuncintisana, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuma-electronics abathengi kunomkhawulo.
Ukusebenza okuningiliziwe: Izigaba zomjikelezo VI
Ukuze uqonde ukuziphatha kwayo, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya isigaba ngasinye sejika lesici saso:
- Ngokusebenzisa i-voltage encane eqondile, izithwali zokushaja zidlula empambanweni ngenxa yomphumela womhubhe, okhiqiza i-current ephansi.
- Ngokunyuka kwengcindezi, amabhendi e-valence nama-conduction ayagqagqana, okubangela ukwanda okusheshayo kwamandla kuze kufike endaweni ephakeme kakhulu.
- Ngemva kwesiqongo, ukungahambi kahle kwamabhendi kunciphisa umhubhe, kunciphisa umthamo wamanje endaweni yesigodi.
- Njengoba ukushuba kwesimo kuqhubekela phambili, ukuziphatha kufana nokwehlukana okujwayelekile, futhi umsinga uyakhuphuka futhi.
- Ngaphansi kokuchema okuphambene, umphumela womhubhe usavumela amandla akhona abalulekile, nakuba i-voltage ehlehla kakhulu ngokuvamile iphansi.
Imibandela yokusebenzisa kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza
El I-tunnel diode ingamelana nama-voltage aphezulu aqondile, amanye amamodeli afinyelela ku-500 V, kodwa ayo I-maximum reverse voltage (PIV) Ngokuvamile liphansi, lizungeze i-40 V ezibonelweni ezivame kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukugcina lo mkhawulo engqondweni ukuze ugweme umonakalo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi isiqongo samanje futhi i isigodi samanje Kuyipharamitha eyinhloko yokukhetha imodeli efanele, ikakhulukazi ku-oscillator kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-amplifier lapho ukuzinza kanye ne-amplitude yesignali kuyadingeka endaweni yokumelana engalungile.
Izimo zansuku zonke lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-tunnel diode
Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwazo okulinganiselwe, ama-diode omhubhe atholakala:
- Imishini yokuxhumana ye-microwave.
- Amamitha amafrikhwensi aphezulu.
- Imithombo yesignali kumalabhorethri e-electronic physics.
- Amasistimu e-radar adinga izimpendulo ze-nanosecond.
Ngaphandle kokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha nezinto zokwakha, isivinini nokuthembeka kwazo kukugcina kuhambisana nemikhakha ethile ekhethekile.
