Kuwo wonke umlando wesayensi, amaseli e-electrolytic Babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqondeni nasekusetshenzisweni kukagesi kanye namakhemikhali. Nakuba kuzwakala njengomqondo oyinkimbinkimbi, empeleni kuwubuchwepheshe obuthakazelisayo nobansuku zonke. Noma ubani oke wezwa ngamadivayisi afana ne-SEN0376 uzobe ebonile ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile ezinqubweni zezimboni, ucwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nemfundo yesikole.
Uma uke wazibuza Liyini iseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic? Futhi ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngempela, uzoyithola ngokuningiliziwe lapha. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula indlela esebenza ngayo, izimiso ezilawula ukusebenza kwayo, izingxenye zayo, umehluko namanye amangqamuzana, kanye nokusebenza kwayo—konke ngendlela ebanzi nelula ukuze noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayenolwazi olungakanani ngaphambili, akwazi ukuyiqonda kalula.
Liyini iseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic?
Una iseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic Kuyidivayisi ekwaziyo guqula amandla kagesi abe amandla amakhemikhali ngenqubo eqondile kakhulu: i-electrolysis. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko shayela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungazenzeki, okungukuthi, lezo ebezingeke zenzeke ngokwazo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, ingqamuzana lisebenzisa umthombo wamanje wangaphandle ophoqelela ama-electron ukuba ahambe ohlelweni, okukhiqiza izinguquko kumakhemikhali ahilelekile.
Uma sikhuluma ngeseli elisebenzayo njenge-SEN0376, ngokuvamile sibhekisela kumodeli yezohwebo eklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo ezifana ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, lo ukuthola imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali noma imfundiso yokuhlola. Nokho, isimiso sokusebenza sivamile kubo bonke futhi sisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni phakathi ama-electrode futhi a isixazululo se-electrolyte ngama-ion amahhala.
Izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-electrolysis
Isihluthulelo ngemuva kweseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic yi- inqubo ye-electrolysis. Kuyinto lapho a amandla kagesi abangela ukubola kwezinto zamakhemikhaliNgamanye amazwi, ugesi usetshenziselwa ukunqamula izibopho zamakhemikhali futhi uhlukanise inhlanganisela ibe izakhi zayo noma ukwakha izinto ezintsha.
Le nqubo idinga okungenani izingxenye ezintathu ezibalulekile: umthombo wamandla kagesi, ama-electrode amabili (i-anode ne-cathode) kanye isisombululo se-electrolyte esebenza njenge-conductive medium. Ugesi uphoqa ama-ion ukuthi ahambe ngaphakathi kwe-electrolyte, okubangela ukusabela endaweni yama-electrode.
- Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi: Yidivayisi eyenza umehluko ongaba khona odingekayo ukuze ukhuthaze ukuhamba kwama-electron.
- Ama-Electrodes: I-anode (positive polarity) kanye ne-cathode (negative polarity) amaphuzu lapho ukusabela kwe-oxidation nokunciphisa kwenzeka ngokulandelana.
- I-Electrolyte: isixazululo esinama-ion amahhala akwazi ukuqhuba amandla kagesi.
Uma uvula ugesi, Ama-electron ayaphoqeleka ukuba ahambe esuka ku-cathode aye ku-anode ngomjikelezo wangaphandle, kuyilapho ngaphakathi kweseli ama-ion anyakaza ukuze anxephezele lokhu kugeleza, okuvumela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuba kwenzeke ku-electrode ngayinye.
Ukusebenza okuningiliziwe kweseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic
Inqubo iqala nge ukuxhuma isistimu kumthombo wamandla. Ngokuvala isifunda, umthombo ukhiqiza umehluko ongaba khona oqondisa ukuhamba kwama-electron angaphandle. Ngaphakathi esitokisini, i-anode Kuyi-electrode lapho i- ukusabela kwe-oxidation (ama-athomu noma ama-ion ulahlekelwe ama-electron), Ngenkathi use- i-cathode thatha indawo ukusabela kokunciphisa (ama-athomu noma ama-ion thola ama-electron). Ukunyakaza kwama-electron phakathi kwama-electrode kukhiqiza izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezifiselekayo entweni ye-electrolyte, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukubola kwayo, ukukhishwa kwamagesi, ukwakheka kwemvula, noma ukubekwa kwezinsimbi.
Yonke le nqubo Bekungeke kwenzeke ngokuzenzakalelayo. Amandla kagesi angaphandle aphoqa ama-ion ukuthi anyakaze futhi aguquke, okwenza kube nezimo ezingenzeka ezifana ne-electrolysis yamanzi ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, noma ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezimsulwa embonini.
Izingxenye zeseli ye-electrolytic esebenzayo
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukusebenza kanye nokusebenziseka kweseli ye-electrolytic, kuyasiza ukwazi izingxenye zayo eziyisisekelo:
- I-Anode: ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngezinto ezimelana ne-oxidation, njenge-platinum, i-graphite, noma izinsimbi ezinamekwe ngama-oxide ensimbi. Lapha kulapho ama-ion oxidize futhi yeka ama-electron kumjikelezo wangaphandle.
- I-Cathode: Ingenziwa ngensimbi efana nethusi noma insimbi engagqwali futhi iyindawo lapho ama-ion thola ama-electron futhi zincishisiwe.
- I-Electrolyte: isixazululo noma into encibilikisiwe equkethe ions mahhala ekwazi ukuthwala imithwalo. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile yizixazululo zikasawoti, ama-asidi, noma izisekelo.
- Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi: inikeza amandla kagesi adingekayo nge-polarity efanele.
- Isitsha: Imvamisa eyenziwe ngengilazi, ipulasitiki noma izinto ezimelana nokugqwala, iqukethe i-electrolyte nama-electrode.
Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli e-electrolytic namaseli e-galvanic
Bavame ukudideka amaseli e-electrolytic ne amaseli galvanic (noma i-voltaic), njengoba kokubili kuhilela ukugeleza kwama-electron nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Nokho, ukusebenza kwazo nenjongo kuphambene ngokuphelele.
- Iseli ye-Galvanic: iguqula i amandla amakhemikhali kumandla kagesi ngokusabela okuzenzakalelayo. Leli icala lakudala lamabhethri avamile.
- Electrolytic cell: isebenzisa amandla kagesi ukuphoqelela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuzenzakalelayoLapha isiqondiso sokugeleza kwe-electron kanye nemvelo yezinqubo zamakhemikhali kuphambene nebhethri.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngenkathi usesitokisini se-galvanic i-chemistry ikhiqiza ugesi, ku-electrolytic ugesi ukhiqiza i-chemistryLesi simiso yimaphi amadivayisi asebenzayo afana ne-SEN0376 athola ngayo ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlanganiswa, nezinqubo zokubeka izinto ezibonakalayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwempilo yamaseli e-electrolytic asebenzayo
Amaseli e-Electrolytic anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kokubili embonini naselabhorethri nasekhaya. Lapha sizobuyekeza ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- Ukuthola izinsimbi ezihlanzekile: isibonelo, i i-electrolysis yethusi ukuyithola isesimweni sayo esimsulwa kumaminerali noma izinsalela. Le nqubo ibalulekile embonini ye-metallurgical.
- Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi: amadivaysi afana ne- I-SEN0376 Zivamile ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi ezifuywayo noma zezimboni, lapho i-electrolysis isiza ukususa ukungcola ngokudiliza izinhlanganisela eziphilayo nezingaphili.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwamagesi ezimboni: i-electrolysis yamanzi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen y umoya-mpilo ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, okusetshenziselwa amafutha, imithi kanye nezinqubo zezimboni.
- I-Electroplating ne-metal coatings: Ngokusebenzisa amaseli e-electrolytic kungenzeka idiphozi izingqimba zensimbi njengegolide, isiliva noma i-nickel kwezinye izingcezu, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana kwazo, ukubukeka nokusebenza kwazo.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali: njengokuthola i-chlorine ne-caustic soda nge-electrolysis of brine, okubalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali.
- Ukubola kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo kanye ne-inorganic: Isetshenziselwa ukuguqula izinto ezingcolisayo zibe izinto ezingalimazi kangako noma ezingaqedwa ngokuqondile.
- Izinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo: Ukuba lula kokuhlanganisa nokubhekwa kwamaseli e-electrolytic kuwenza abe isisetshenziswa esikahle sokuchaza imiqondo yamakhemikhali, i-physics nobuchwepheshe ezikhungweni zemfundo.
Iyini inqubo ngaphakathi kweseli le-electrolytic?
Ake sijule kancane kulokho okwenzeka ngaphakathi kweseli ye-electrolytic njenge-SEN0376. Ake sicabange ukuthi sinesixazululo esilula sikasawoti kanye nama-electrode amabili axhunywe kumthombo we-DC.
Uma i ukugeleza kwamanje, ukufuduka okuhlelekile kwama-ion kwenzeka:
- I-Los ions positive ama-electrolyte (ama-cations) aqondiswe ku- i-cathode, kuphi thola ama-electron futhi zincishisiwe.
- I-Los ama-ion amabi (ama-anions) athuthela e- i-anode, kuphi yeka ama-electron futhi ziyagqwala.
Ngenxa yalokho, imikhiqizo yokusabela ingaba amagesi (afana ne-hydrogen noma umoya-mpilo), izinsimbi ezifakiwe, noma izinhlanganisela ezintsha esixazululo.
Inqubo ayidingi nje kuphela ukuba khona kwama-ion alungile, kodwa futhi nama-electrode afanelekile kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lokusabela olufunayo. Isibonelo, ukuthola i-chlorine ne-metallic sodium, ama-electrode akhethekile asetshenziswa, futhi ukwakheka nokushisa kwe-electrolyte kulawulwa ngokucophelela.
Ukubaluleka kwama-electrode kanye ne-electrolyte
Kuseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic, i ukukhetha electrode futhi i ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte inquma ukusebenza kahle, okuphumayo, nokuqina kwenqubo. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamasistimu aphethe amandla asebenzayo, ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo kuwo Indlela yokuphatha amandla asebenzayo kumasistimu kagesi.
Emishinini yesimanjemanje, njengezinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi zohlobo lwe-SEN0376, i-titanium anode embozwe ngama-oxide ensimbi nama-electrolyte angagqwali ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa impilo yesevisi nokuphepha.
Ukusebenza kahle nokugcinwa kweseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic
El ukusebenza kwe-electrolytic cell kuncike ezicini eziningana: ikhwalithi nesimo sama-electrode, ukugxila kanye nezinga lokushisa le-electrolyte, kanye nokusebenza kahle komthombo wamandla. Ipharamitha ebalulekile yi- ukusebenza kahle kwe-faradic, ekala ingxenye yeshaji kagesi enomthelela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okufunayo.
Idivayisi ngayinye idinga a ukugcinwa njalo: Ukuhlanzwa kwama-electrode ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwezingqimba ezidlulayo, ukushintshwa kwe-electrolyte, nokuqinisekiswa kokuxhumeka kukagesi okuvikelekile. Kumamodeli anamuhla, imisebenzi eminingi izenzekelayo, kodwa ezilungiselelweni zokuhlola noma zezimboni, ngokuvamile zidinga ukugadwa kochwepheshe abakhethekile.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulinganiselwa
I-Las amaseli e-electrolytic asebenzayo Zinezinzuzo eziningi:
- Vumela lawula ngokunembile ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lokho bekungeke kwenzeke noma kube yingozi.
- Ukuhlukahluka: ingasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni, zesayensi nezinqubo zasekhaya.
- Ukwehluka: kusukela kumishini yaselabhorethri kuya ezitshalweni ezinkulu zezimboni.
- Izicelo zemvelo: ekulapheni imfucuza kanye nasekususeni ukungcola.
Nokho, nabo banazo ukulinganiselwa okukhulu:
- El ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ingaba phezulu, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni ezinkulu.
- La impilo esebenzisekayo ama-electrode angancishiswa ngokugqwala noma ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo engasebenzi.
- Akuwona wonke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungenziwa ngokuphumelelayo nge-electrolysis.
Ukuqamba kanye nezitayela kumaseli e-electrolytic asebenzayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- izinto ezintsha ze-electrode, umklamo we amaselula ahlangene futhi asebenza kahle nokuhlanganiswa kwe- izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile Bashintsha umkhakha. Ikhono lokuqapha amapharamitha ngesikhathi sangempela, ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalela ukuqina kwamanje, kanye nokubona okudidayo kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza nokuphepha kwalawa maseli.
Ngakho-ke, iseli elisebenzayo le-electrolytic aligcini nje ngokuhlala likhona embonini yendabuko, kodwa futhi lithola indawo eyengeziwe emikhakheni efana nokukhiqizwa kwe amandla ahlanzekile (isb. i-hydrogen eluhlaza), i imithi (inzalo yezinsimbi) kanye i-nanotechnology (ukukhiqizwa kwe-nanocomponent). Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezihlobene, bheka ukusebenza kwamaseli e-Peltier.
Ukwengeza, amadivaysi esimanje athuthukise ukusimama ngokusebenzisa izinto ezigaywa kabusha kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wezinqubo zezimboni ezihlobene ne-electrolysis.
