Ukuqapha impilo yezitshalo kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo okuphumelelayo kuye kwashintshwa yizinzwa ze-chlorophyll kanye nezinkomba ze-spectral ezifana ne-NDVI. Amadivayisi afana nezinzwa ze-AS7265x kanye ne-TCS34725 awasagcini nje emalabhorethri, kodwa aseye aba amathuluzi abalulekile kwezolimo zedijithali kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo. Ukuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, inhloso yazo, nokuthi zingena kanjani ekuhlaziyweni kwenkomba yezitshalo kunikeza inzuzo enkulu kubalimi, ochwepheshe, nanoma ubani onesifiso sokukhulisa umkhiqizo wezolimo kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.
Kuyo yonke le ndatshana, uzothola ngokuningiliziwe zonke izici ezibalulekile nezithuthukile zezinzwa ze-NDVI, AS7265x, kanye ne-TCS34725, ukuhlanganiswa kwazo nezinkomba ezibalulekile zezitshalo, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ukuqapha impilo yezitshalo, ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kanye nokuthola ulwazi olubalulekile lokwenza izinqumo kwezolimo olunembile. Kusukela kubuchwepheshe bangaphakathi balezi zinzwa kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okusebenzayo ensimini, okuhlanganisa ukuchazwa kwezinkomba eziyinhloko ze-spectral kanye nokuhlola amathuba anikezwa yizinkundla zokuqapha zanamuhla, uzothola lonke ulwazi lwamanje nolufanele oluvezwe ngendlela ecacile nephelele.
Iyini i-NDVI futhi isetshenziselwa ini kwezolimo?
I-NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) ingenye yezimpawu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqondeni okukude kwezolimo nezemvelo. Isekelwe ekubanjweni nasekuhlaziyweni kokukhanya okuboniswa yizitshalo kuma-wavelength ahlukene, ikakhulukazi ebangeni le-near-infrared (NIR) kanye ne-visual red (RED).
Ngokwezibalo, i-NDVI ibalwa kanje:
NDVI = (NIR – RED) / (NIR + RED)
Le nkomba ihlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwezindawo ezinezimila ezinempilo, ezicindezelekile, noma ezingenakho, njengoba izitshalo ezinamandla zibonisa kakhulu ku-infrared eseduze nangaphansi kokubomvu okubonakalayo. Umphumela uyinani elihluka phakathi kuka -1 kanye +1. Amanani asondele koku-1 abonisa uhlaza oluminyene, olunempilo, kuyilapho amanani aphansi noma amabi ehambisana nezindawo ezinomhlabathi ongenalutho, amanzi, iqhwa, noma ezingenazo izimila.
Kungani kubaluleke kangaka kwezolimo? Njengoba i-NDVI ilinganisa i-biomass esebenzayo ngokwe-photosynthesis, iwusizo kakhulu ekuqapheni intuthuko yezitshalo kanye nempilo yazo yonke inkathi yokukhula . Ivumela ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kwezindawo ezinezinkinga zamanzi, izifo, ukuntuleka kokudla okunempilo, noma umonakalo wezinambuzane, okwenza kube lula ukungenelela okuphumelelayo nokufika ngesikhathi.
Izinkomba ze-Spectral: kude kakhulu ne-NDVI
I-NDVI iyisiqalo nje sohlu olude lwezinkomba ze-spectral ezisetshenziswa ekuqondeni okukude kwezolimo. Ngokuhlanganisa amabhendi ahlukene e-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, lezi zinkomba zinikeza ulwazi olukhethekile mayelana nemingcele ye-agronomic, i-physiological, kanye ne-biochemical yezitshalo. Phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu yilezi:
- I-GNDVI (I-Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index): Ithatha indawo yebhande elibomvu ngebhande eliluhlaza elibonakalayo ukuze kwandiswe ukuzwela izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, okuwusizo ekulinganiseni amazinga e-nitrogen emaqabunga nokuguga kwezitshalo.
- I-NDRE (I-Normalized Difference Red Edge Index): Isebenzisa ibhande lomngcele obomvu, elizwela kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll kanye nesimo sokuphila sezitshalo ezivuthiwe.
- I-MSAVI (Inkomba Yezimila Ezilungisiwe Zomhlaba): Inciphisa umphumela womhlabathi ongenalutho, inikeza ukufundwa okunembile ekuqaleni noma ngekhava yezitshalo eziphansi.
- I-ReCl (Red Edge Chlorophyll Index): Iklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukukhombisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll futhi ithole ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen noma izinkinga "eziphuzi" zamaqabunga.
- I-SAVI/OSAVI (Izinkomba Zezitshalo Ezilungisiwe Umhlabathi): Zethula izici zokulungisa ezinxephezela umsindo okhiqizwa ukuhlukahluka enhlabathini, okwenza ngcono ukwethembeka ezifundeni ezinokuminyana okuphansi kwezitshalo.
- I-VARI, LAI, NBR, SIPI, GCI, NDSI, NDWI... Uhlu lubanzi, futhi ngalinye likhuluma ngezici ezithile ezinjengomswakama, ukuminyana kwamaqabunga, ukutholwa komlilo, ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, ukuba khona kweqhwa noma amanzi, njll.
Ukuchazwa okufanele kanye nokukhetha izinkomba ezifanele kuvumela ukuqapha kahle iziguquguquko ezibalulekile zezolimo ezinembile , okwenza kube lula konke kusukela kumthamo ofanele wezinto ezifakiwe kuya ekubikezelweni kwesivuno.
Izinzwa ze-Chlorophyll kanye nendima yazo ekulinganiseni i-NDVI nezinkomba ezihlobene
Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Izinzwa ze-chlorophyll zingamadivayisi okukhanya aklanyelwe ukubamba nokuhlaziya imisebe eboniswa noma ekhishwa yizitshalo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-spectrum ebonakalayo neseduze kwe-infrared. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukukala okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, i-pigment eyinhloko ku-photosynthesis, nokunikeza idatha yokulinganisa ukubala izinkomba ezifana ne-NDVI, i-GNDVI, ne-ReCl, phakathi kwezinye.
Lezi zinzwa zingafakwa ezinkundleni eziphansi, kuma-drone, kumatrakta, eziteshini zesimo sezulu noma ngisho kumasathelayithi, okuvumela ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo endaweni ngokusekelwe kudatha eqondile.
Inzwa ye-AS7265x: I-Spectroscopy Ethuthukisiwe Yezicelo Zezolimo
Inzwa ye-AS7265x iyi-spectrometer yesimanje, eneziteshi eziningi eshintsha indlela ikhwalithi yezitshalo kanye nokwakheka kwazo okulinganiswa ngayo. Ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhlaziya ama-spectral band ahlukene angu-18 (kusukela kokubonakalayo kuya kwe-near-infrared), inikeza inzuzo enkulu kunezinzwa zendabuko.
Izici zayo ezibalulekile zifaka:
- Ukulungiswa okuphezulu kwe-spectral: Ivumela ukucaciswa okunembe kakhudlwana kwesiginesha ekhanyayo yezitshalo.
- Ukulinganisa okuqondile kwe-chlorophyll nezinye izingulube: Ilungele ukunquma isimo somsoco, umsebenzi we-photosynthetic kanye namazinga okucindezeleka ngokomzimba.
- Ukuphatheka nokuhlanganiswa okulula: Usayizi wayo omncane kanye nokuxhumana kwe-I2C kwenza kube lula ukuyifaka kumadivayisi aphathwayo, ama-drones, nemishini yezolimo.
- Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinwetshiwe: Ukusuka ekubaleni ama-indices ajwayelekile njenge-NDVI noma i-GNDVI kuya ekuhlonzeni izifo ezithile kanye nokukhubazeka kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya okuthuthukisiwe kwe-spectral.
Lolu hlobo lwenzwa lusetshenziswa kokubili ocwaningweni kanye nasemisebenzini yobungcweti yezolimo , luhlinzeka ngemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela esiza ekwenzeni izinqumo mayelana nokunisela, umanyolo, ukuvuna kanye nokulawula izinambuzane.
Inzwa ye-TCS34725: Izicelo Ezinembile Zokuthola Umbala Nezitshalo
I-TCS34725 iyinzwa yokukhanya ekhethekile ekutholeni imibala ye-RGB (ebomvu, eluhlaza, neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kanye nokukhanya okuzungezile, enesihlungi esihlanganisiwe sokuvimba i-IR esithuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvame kakhulu kusezinhlelweni ezifana nokulungiswa kokukhanya kwe-LED, ukuhlaziywa kombala embonini kanye ne-electronics yabathengi, ukuzwela kwayo kanye nokunemba kwayo kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuthile kwezolimo kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo.
Izici eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe ze-TCS34725:
- Isihlungi sokuvimbela i-IR esihlanganisiwe: Iqeda ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwe-infrared, ikhulisa ukuthembeka kombala kanye nokunemba ekufundeni i-spectrum ebonakalayo.
- Ukuxhumana kwe-I2C: Ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okulula nama-microcontroller namasistimu edijithali.
- Ibanga elibanzi eliguqukayo: Iyakwazi ukubona izinguquko ezincane ekukhanyeni kokukhanya, ikunikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu ezimeni ezahlukene zemvelo.
- ukulungiswa kwe-16-bit: Isiza ukulinganisa okuningiliziwe kokuqina kombala nokwakheka.
- Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nosayizi ohlangene: Ilungele amadivayisi azimele wodwa noma asebenza ngebhethri.
- Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED okumhlophe okwakhelwe ngaphakathi: Iqinisekisa ukufana ekukhanyeni ngisho nokuhluka kokukhanya kwe-ambient.
Uma isetshenziswa kahle futhi ukufundwa kwayo kulinganiswa, i-TCS34725 ingasiza ekuboneni izinguquko ekukhanyeni kwamaqabunga, inqume impilo yesitshalo, futhi isekele ukubalwa kwezinkomba ezilula (ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka khona ukubamba ulwazi ku-spectrum ebonakalayo noma ukuthuthukisa izixazululo ezingabizi neziguquguqukayo).
Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwezinzwa ze-optical vegetation kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo kumapulatifomu edijithali
Izinzwa zezitshalo ezibonakalayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekelwe ku-spectroscopy yama-multiband njenge-AS7265x noma ukutholwa kombala njenge-TCS34725, zisebenza kusetshenziswa ama-photodiode arrays aguqula imisebe yesigameko ibe yizimpawu zikagesi. Lezi zimpawu zenziwa zibe yidijithali ngabaguquli be-ADC futhi zicutshungulwe yizilawuli ezincane, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamanani okubonisa okudla ekubalweni kwezinkomba zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa izixhumi ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-I2C kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene (kusukela eziteshini zesimo sezulu kuya kuma-drones kanye nama-smartphone), okuvumela ukuqoqwa okukhulu nokuzenzakalelayo kwedatha ngesimo sezitshalo.
Izinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwezinkomba zezitshalo kwezolimo zedijithali
Ukuqaliswa kwezinzwa ze-NDVI kanye nezinye izinkomba zezitshalo ezixazululweni zedijithali kuye kwaveza igxathu elibalulekile emkhakheni wezolimo. Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:
- Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zokusebenza: Zivumela izindawo ezinkulu ukuthi zigadwe ngezindleko eziphansi kanye nemvamisa ephezulu kakhulu kunokuhlola okujwayelekile komzimba.
- Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi nokwelashwa kwezinkinga: Izinkomba ze-Spectral zisivumela ukuthi sibone izindawo zokucindezeleka, izifo, noma ukushoda ngaphambi kokuba zibonakale ngeso lenyama.
- Ukulungiselela okokufaka: Benza lula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo komanyolo, amanzi, noma imikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wendawo.
- Ukuqapha umjikelezo wokunqampuna: Linganisa ukukhula, thola okudidayo ezigabeni ezibucayi, futhi uhlele ukuvuna ngesikhathi esifanele.
- Ukwenza izinqumo ezithuthukisiwe: Idatha enembile, yesikhathi sangempela isekela izinqumo ezinolwazi kakhulu ezihambisana nokuhlukahluka kwenkambu ngayinye.
- Ukuhlanganiswa nezinkundla zezolimo zedijithali: Ukusekelwa kwama-API nezinhlelo zokuphatha idatha kuvumela ukuhlaziya okuhlanganisiwe kwezinkomba zezitshalo, idatha yesimo sezulu, izinzwa zomhlabathi, neminye imithombo, okudala amamodeli aqagelayo athuthukile.
Ukuhunyushwa kwezinkomba ezihlukene zezitshalo nokuthi zisetshenziswa nini ngasinye
Akuzona zonke izinkomba zezitshalo eziphendula ngokulinganayo ezimweni zezitshalo ezahlukene. Kubalulekile ukukhetha inkomba efanele ngokusekelwe esigabeni se-phenological, uhlobo lwezitshalo, kanye nenhloso yokuhlaziya:
- I-NDVI: Ifanele ukuqapha okuvamile ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo. Akunconyiwe ekuqaleni noma ngemuva kokuvuna, lapho kunekhava yezitshalo encane.
- I-ReCl ne-GNDVI: Iwusizo kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll ne-nitrogen kubalulekile ekusebenzeni.
- QAPHELA: Ifanele izitshalo ezisezigabeni ezithuthukisiwe noma ezinamaqabunga aphezulu, kanye nokulawula ukuvuthwa.
- I-MSAVI ne-SAVI: Zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala noma enhlabathini enezimila eziphansi, njengoba zinciphisa umsindo ovela ngemuva.
- I-NDWI: Ihloselwe ukuthola umswakama, izikhukhula, noma izindawo zokuchelela, iwusizo ezindaweni ezinezitshalo ezingaphansi kwezinhlelo zokuchelela.
- I-NBR ne-SIPI: I-NBR ivumela ukuhlonzwa kwezindawo ezikhahlamezwe ngumlilo; I-SIPI isiza ukuthola ukucindezelwa komzimba kanye nezifo zamaqabunga.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakiwe zezinzwa ze-TCS34725 kanye ne-AS7265x ezinhlelweni zezolimo nezemvelo
I-TCS34725 iphumelela kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho ulwazi lombala nokukhanya okuzungezile lubalulekile khona. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ku:
- Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ebonakalayo ezinqubweni zokudla kwezolimo.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kombala wamaqabunga, izithelo noma izimbali ezintweni zezitshalo.
- Ukuqapha okungaqondile kwemingcele yemvelo ngokukhanya okubonisiwe.
Inzwa ye-AS7265x kanye namadivayisi afanayo asetshenziswa ku:
- Izifundo zokucindezeleka kwamanzi, ukuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco kanye nomsebenzi we-photosynthetic ngokulinganisa okuqondile kokubonakala kumabhendi amaningi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwamamodeli abikezelayo esivuno sezitshalo nekhwalithi.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokutholwa kwezifo eziqalayo sibonga ikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kombala othize kanye nenhlanganisela ye-biochemical ekhona esitshalweni.
- Ukuhlanganiswa ezinhlelweni ezizimele (ama-drones, amarobhothi, iziteshi zasensimini) ukuqapha okubanzi nokuhlaziya ngesikhathi sangempela.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe ze-TCS34725 kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwayo nezinye izinzwa
Uma kuhlaziywa izinzuzo ze-TCS34725 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinzwa zombala kanye nokukhanya okuzungezile , izici eziningana ziyagqama:
- Isihlungi se-IR esihlanganisiwe: Ithuthukisa ukunemba kokufunda ezindaweni ezinokuphazamiseka kokukhanya okuphezulu.
- Ukulungiswa okuphezulu nokulawula ukuthola: Ikuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukuzwela ngokwezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza ngalunye.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi: Ilungele amasistimu aphathekayo noma azimele yedwa.
- Ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile: I-interface yayo ye-I2C kanye nemibhalo etholakalayo yenza kube lula ukukuhlanganisa ezinhlelweni zikagesi nezinkundla zokuthuthukisa ezifana ne-Raspberry Pi, i-Arduino nezinye ezifanayo.
Uma kudingeka ukukala imisebe ngaphandle kwe-spectrum ebonakalayo (isibonelo, eduze kwe-infrared noma ama-band athile e-NDVI), kusetshenziswa izinzwa ze-optical ze-multiband ezifana nama -drones okuvimbela imililo yasehlathini , ezivumela ukusebenza ngqo neziteshi ezidingekayo kuma-indices e-spectral athuthukile.
Indlela yokuhumusha idatha yezinzwa futhi isetshenziswe ekuphathweni kwezolimo
Ukutolika okulungile kwedatha eqoqiwe kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla alezi zinzwa:
- Amanani aphansi e-NDVI (< 0,2): Inhlabathi engenalutho, amanzi noma uhlaza oluyivelakancane.
- Amanani amaphakathi (0,2 – 0,5): Imifino ekuthuthukisweni, okungenzeka kube nokucindezeleka okulinganiselwe.
- Amanani aphezulu (> 0,5): Izimila eziminyene nezinempilo, umsebenzi omkhulu we-photosynthetic.
Empeleni, amapulatifomu edijithali anamuhla avumela ukubonakala kwamamephu enkomba ye-NDVI kanye neminye imingcele ngendlela eqondiswayo , okwenza kube lula ukuhlonza izindawo eziyinkinga zokungenelela okukhethiwe kanye nokuqapha izitshalo ngokomlando.
Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nezinzuzo zamapulatifomu edijithali anokuhlaziywa kwenkomba yezitshalo
Ukukhuphuka kwezinkundla ezifana ne-EOSDA Crop Monitoring kanye nezinkundla ezifanayo kwenze intando yeningi ukufinyelela inzwa yezolimo:
- Banikeza ukufinyelela okumaphakathi kuma-indices amaningi (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE, MSAVI, njll.) kanye nedatha yesimo sezulu, umswakama wenhlabathi nokunye okokufaka okubalulekile.
- Bavumela ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha eqoqwe izinzwa ezikude, iziteshi zensimu namasathelayithi.
- Banikeza ama-API onjiniyela nezixazululo ezenziwe ngezifiso ezingajwayelana nezidingo ezithile zepulazi noma iphrojekthi ngayinye.
- Bathuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi kanye nesivinini sokwenza izinqumo ngokubonisa ulwazi ngendlela enembile ne-georeferenced.
