Welder: konke okumele ukwazi ukuze uthenge okulungile

Kubathandi be-DIY akukho okufana nokufunda ukushisela, futhi ngenxa yalokhu badinga a umshiseli. Kungakho sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukukufundisa konke odinga ukukwazi ngalesi sihloko, kanye nezimfihlo ezithile okungenzeka ubungazazi, ukuze uqale ukudala amaphrojekthi ahlanganisa izingcezu ezahlukene zensimbi noma zepulasitiki.

Masingene emhlabeni omuhle wokushisela...

• Imishini yokushisela engcono kakhulu ongayithenga

Yini i-welder?

Una umshini wokushisela Kuwucezu lwemishini esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwezinto, ukufeza lesi sixhumanisi ngokuhlangana okuhlangene kwezinto zokwakha noma ngokuhlangana kwezinto ezizoshiselwa. Kulokhu, i-welder inikeza umthombo wamandla okwazi ukukhiqiza izinga lokushisa elidingekayo lenyunyana. Le mishini ivame ukuba nezingxenye eziningana, kuye ngokuthi iyinhloboni. Kamuva sizofunda izinhlobo zemishini yokushisela nokuthi injani esimweni ngasinye...

I-Inverter vs i-welder evamile

Kokubili a inverter welder njengeyendabuko zidinga ama-transformer ukuletha amandla angenayo kuze kufike ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze kuncibilike insimbi. Kodwa-ke, imishini yokushisela inverter yenza lo msebenzi ngempumelelo kakhulu. Isici esengeziwe esibenza bathandeke usayizi wabo ohlangene, ukukhanya kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okuphansi kwamandla.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo okuthuthukisiwe, nabo bayethula imijikelezo emide yokusebenza. Ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezithuthukisiwe, le mishini ayilahlekelwa ukushisa uma iqhathaniswa nejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ama-inverter welder angasebenzisa cishe yonke into yamanje yokufaka, kuyilapho ama-transformer amadala angalahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle okungafika ku-20% ngenxa yokushisa okushisayo.

Ngama-frequency aphezulu okukhiphayo kanye ukuqapha isofthiwe kanye nokulungiswa kwamanje kanye ne-voltage, ama-inverters akhiqiza i-arc efanayo, ebonakalayo futhi elawulekayo. Ezimweni eziningi, lapho usebenza ngamandla wendlu yesigaba esisodwa, ama-inverter welder adinga ukuphuma kwe-15-amp.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge imishini ye-inverter kulula ukulungisa yamanje kanye ne-voltage ukuze ivumelane nezinto ezihlukahlukene nobukhulu, enikeza opharetha ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana phezu komsebenzi. Ubukhulu obuhlangene kanye nesisindo esiphansi sama-inverter welders kubenza badume kakhulu phakathi kochwepheshe, bafaneleka ngokukhethekile ama-workshops okukhiqiza kanye nezindawo zokwakha. Lokhu kwenza ukulungisa endaweni yomsebenzi kube lula kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuphatha.

I-DC vs AC Welder

para ukuhlukanisa phakathi kohlobo olulodwa lokushisela nolunyeKufanele sicabangele amaphuzu alandelayo:

• I-Alternating Current (AC): Ikhwalithi ye-weld eyenziwe yile mishini ayifinyeleli emazingeni afanele, hhayi ngenxa ye-welder, kodwa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokuphuma kwamanje. Imishini yokushisela ye-AC, njengoba igama layo libonisa, ikhiqiza i-current eshintshana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwamanje akuhlali njalo, okusho ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa kuyashintshashintsha kuyo yonke inqubo. Mayelana ne-soldering, lokhu kubangela amalunga angalingani. Kungenzeka ukufeza amaphuzu e-weld anele, kodwa hhayi ubuhlalu obuqhubekayo nobufanayo. I-asymmetry ibonakala ezintanjeni ngenxa yokuhluka kwamandla ukusuka kokuhle ukuya kokubi, okuthinta i-arc kagesi. Ukulethwa kokushisa okungaguquki kanye nokuntuleka kwe-arc yokushisela engaguquki kudinga umzamo owengeziwe ovela kumshiseli ukuze uthole imiphumela yekhwalithi.
  • Izinzuzo:
    • Zijwayele ukubumbana ngosayizi.
    • Izinkinga ze-arc blow zingalungiswa kalula.
    • Kungcono kakhulu ukushisela i-aluminium.
    • Kuhle kakhulu ekushiseleni izinsimbi eziwugqinsi noma lapho kudingeka khona ukungena okwengeziwe.
  • nebubi:
    • Abakhiqizi ama-welds abushelelezi.
    • Ukuguquguquka kwenza i-weld ingafani kangako.
    • Ubuningi be-splash.
    • Kunzima kakhulu ukusebenza.
• I-Direct Current (DC): banomehluko wezindleko ongabalulekile kakhulu, ukutshala imali kumpahla yekhwalithi enomphumela wamanje oqondile (DC) kusho izinzuzo ezengeziwe. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zokusebenza nomshini wokushisela we-DC, ngaphezu kokuzinza kwe-weld, kungenzeka ukuthi kuzuzwe imithungo eqhubekayo neyunifomu, ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukukhubazeka kokushisela. Ukulawula okukhulu phezu kokushisa okusetshenziswe esiqeshini kuyaphawuleka, futhi kungalawulwa ngisho, ngenxa yokungaguquguquki okukhulu kwamandla aqondile. Esinye isici esihle semishini yokushisela ye-DC ukuguquguquka kwayo ezinqubweni zokushisela ezithile, njenge-TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) noma inqubo ye-argon, kanye nezinye izinqubo okungenzeka zingenzeki ngemishini ye-AC.
  • Izinzuzo:
    • Ukuzinza okukhulu.
    • Ama-welds abushelelezi.
    • Ama-splash ambalwa.
    • Kuhle kakhulu ngezinsimbi ezincane.
    • Kulula ukusebenza.
  • nebubi:
    • Impahla ibiza kancane.
    • Akuyona inketho ye-aluminium.

izinhlobo zokushisela

Phakathi kwe izinhlobo zokushisela kufanele sihlukanise phakathi:

I-MMA (Manual Metal Arc) noma i-arc (STICK)

Lolu hlobo lwe-welding lwalunalo yaqala ngawo-1930 futhi iqhubekile nokuvela kuze kube yilolu suku. Igcine ukuthandwa kwayo ngenxa yobulula bayo nokufunda kalula, kanye nezindleko zayo eziphansi zokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ayikhiqizi ama-welds aphelele, njengoba ijwayele ukukhiqiza i-spatter. Ngokuvamile inqubo yokuhlanza ngemva kokuhlanza iyadingeka.

Kule nqubo, i-electrode eshintshayo isetshenziswa ephinde isebenze njengempahla yokufaka. I-arc kagesi ikhiqizwa kusukela ekugcineni kwe-electrode kuya ezinsimbi eziyisisekelo, incibilikisa i-electrode futhi idale izinto zokugcwalisa ezakha ukujoyina. I-electrode imbozwe nge-flux, okuthi uma ifudunyezwa, idale ifu legesi elivikela insimbi encibilikisiwe ekuphumeni kwe-oxidation. Njengoba iphola, le gesi iyaqina futhi yakhe ungqimba lwe-slag.

Ngoba ayidingi amagesi engeziwe, le ndlela ifanele ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle, ngisho nangaphansi kwesimo sezulu esibi njengemvula nomoya. Iphinde isebenze kahle ezindaweni ezinokugqwala, upende, noma ukungcola, okuyenza ilungele ukulungiswa kwemishini.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-electrode ziyatholakala futhi zishintshashintsha kalula, zivumela ukuzivumelanisa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsimbi. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo ayilungele umsebenzi wensimbi encane futhi idinga ijika lokufunda elide ukuze libe yingcweti.

I-MIG (Metal Inert Gas)

La Ukushisela kwe-MIG kuyinqubo elula efinyeleleka nakubashiseli abasha. Kubandakanya inqubo esheshayo lapho insimbi yokugcwalisa inikezwa ngocingo ngenkathi igesi ikhishwa eduze kwayo ukuze igcinwe emithonyeni yangaphandle. Ngalesi sizathu, ukusebenza kwayo ngaphandle kunqunyelwe. Nokho, le nqubo iguquguquka kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zensimbi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.

Impahla yokugcwalisa iqukethe a ucingo olusebenzisekayo ephakelwa kusuka ku-reel futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isebenza njenge-electrode. Lapho i-arc ikhiqizwa kusukela ekugcineni kocingo kuya ensimbini eyisisekelo, le ntambo iyancibilika, ibe yinto yokugcwalisa futhi idale ilunga elishiselwe.

Ucingo luphakelwa ngokuqhubekayo ngesibhamu, okukuvumela ukuthi ulawule isivinini osebenza ngaso. Uma kwenziwa kahle, ukushisela kwe-MIG kuyakhiqiza amalunga abushelelezi futhi amelana, ebukekayo.

I-MAG (Metal Active Gas)

Ifana kakhulu neyangaphambili. I Ukushisa kwe-MAG imelela indlela yokujoyina i-arc kagesi lapho kusetshenziswa i-electrode esetshenziswayo futhi kwethulwa igesi evikelayo edlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushisela. Le gesi ayifezi nje kuphela umsebenzi wokuvikela, kodwa futhi ingenelela ngenkuthalo ngokuhlanganisa nekhabhoni ekhona ensimbi encibilikisiwe.

Esimweni sokushisela kwe-MAG, amagesi asebenzayo asetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa izinketho ezifana ne-carbon dioxide ehlanzekile (CO2) noma inhlanganisela yamagesi afana ne-argon, i-CO2 ne-oxygen (O2). Okusho ukuthi, uzodinga ukuxhuma ibhodlela legesi noma isilinda kumshini wokushisela ukuze usebenze, okungcono kuma-workshops kunokuthatha usuka kwenye indawo uye kwenye...

I-TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)

La Ukushisa kwe-TIG, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Heliarc, iyindlela yokushisela i-arc ehlanganisa i-tungsten negesi. Kule ndlela, i-electrode yenziwe nge-tungsten futhi ayidliwe ngesikhathi senqubo. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-welding lapho kungadingeki ukusebenzisa i-filler metal, ngoba izinsimbi ezimbili ezishiselwe zingahlanganiswa ngokuqondile.

Uma ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-filler metal, kufanele ifakwe ngesandla. Ukuze wenze ukushisela kwe-TIG, kubalulekile ukuba negesi eqhubekayo evela ethangini elizinikele, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okwanele kwe-weld. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuba ukwenze ngaphakathi endlini, lapho ukuphazanyiswa kwezinto zangaphandle kugwenywe.

I-TIG welding ivelele ngayo ukunemba nobuhle bamalunga ashiselwe, ngoba abukhiqizi ama-splashes. Ngenxa yalezi zici, kuyindlela yokushisela eyinkimbinkimbi enconywa ngabashiseli abanolwazi.

UKU

Le ndlela yokushisela Isebenza kuzo zombili izinsimbi kanye ne-thermoplastics. Njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser njengomthombo wokushisa ukwenza amalunga ashiselwe. Ingasetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-carbon steel, insimbi engagqwali, izinsimbi ze-HSLA, i-titanium, ne-aluminium.

Inezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwama-welders angaphambilini, ngokunemba okuphezulu namalunga ekhwalithi, futhi ivumela nokushisela ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu. Nokho, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi Imishini yokushisela i-laser ibiza kakhulu. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kuphela embonini, njengemboni yezimoto, lapho amarobhothi ashisela izingxenye ze-chassis noma umsebenzi womzimba esebenzisa le ndlela...

nge-electron beam

Lolu hlobo lwe-welding lubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe-a high speed electron ugongolo ukukhiqiza ukushisa ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo e-kinetic, ukuncibilika nokuhlanganisa izinto ezimbili. Le nqubo yokushisela ithuthuke kakhulu ngokwemvelo futhi yenziwa ngemishini ezenzakalelayo, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum. Imvamisa, lezi zinhlobo zemishini yokushisela zisetshenziswa embonini kuphela, kwezinhlelo ezithile zokusebenza, futhi zibiza futhi zithuthukile njengama-lasers.

I-Plasma

welding by i-plasma arc isebenzisa i-arc encane, okwandisa ukunemba kwenqubo yokujoyina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenzisa ithoshi elihlukile elikwazi ukufinyelela amazinga okushisa aphakeme nakakhulu.

Ngaphakathi kwethoshi ikhiqiza igesi ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ikhiqize isimo se-plasma. Le plasma i-ionize, iyenze ibe umqhubi kagesi. Lokhu kwenza i-arcing ibe khona, okukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angancibilikisa izinsimbi eziyisisekelo. Lesi sici sivumela i-plasma arc welding ukuthi yenziwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sensimbi yokugcwalisa, ngokufana nokushisela kwe-TIG.

Le nqubo yokushisela ivumela ukufeza a ukungena okujulile enobuhlalu obuncane, okuholela emalungeni akhangayo ngobuhle anezinga eliphezulu lokumelana. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinzuzo, isivinini se-welding esiphezulu kakhulu singatholakala.

nge-athomu ye-hydrogen

La i-athomu ye-hydrogen welding imele indlela yokuhlanganisa ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, ngaphambilini ebibizwa ngokuthi yi-arc athomu yokushisela. Le nqubo ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwegesi ye-hydrogen njengesivikelo phakathi kwama-electrode amabili enziwe nge-tungsten. Le welding iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu kunalawo akhiqizwe ithoshi le-acetylene, futhi ingenziwa kokubili ngaphandle nangaphandle kokwethulwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa. Le ndlela yokushisela, nakuba eyedlule, ishintshiwe eminyakeni yamuva nje indlela ye-MIG yokushisela.

i-electroslag

Lona inqubo yokushisela ethuthukisiwe Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile unqenqema oluncane lwamashidi amabili ensimbi. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-weld endaweni engaphandle yejoyinti, yenziwa phakathi kwemiphetho yawo womabili amashidi.

Un ucingo lwe-electrode yethusi inikezwa nge-tube conductor metal esetshenziswayo ethatha umsebenzi wezinto zokugcwalisa. Ngokusebenzisa ugesi, i-arc ishaywa futhi i-weld iqala kusukela phansi ekuhlanganyeleni, kancane kancane ihambela phezulu futhi ikhiqize ukujoyina njengoba ihamba. Le nqubo i-automatic ngokugcwele futhi yenziwa kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile.

I-SAW (I-Submerged Arc Welding)

I-Las Imishini yokushisela i-SAW, eyaziwa nangokuthi amasistimu e-arc angaphansi kwamanzi, iwuhlobo lwemishini yokushisela kagesi esebenzisa i-fusion electrode futhi isebenzisa i-granular flux njenge-ejenti yokuvikela, ene-arc kagesi efihlwe ngaphansi kongqimba lwe-flux. Okokuqala, i-granular flux isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phezu kwejoyinti le-solder lengxenye ezohlanganiswa. Ithiphu ye-electrode kanye nocezu lomsebenzi bese luxhunywa ezigabeni ezimbili zomthombo wamandla wokushisela ukuze kukhiqizwe i-arc kagesi. Ekugcineni, intambo yokushisela ifakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi i-arc kagesi iyanyakaziswa ukuze iqhube ukushisela. Lezi zinhlelo ze-arc ezingaphansi kwamanzi zifanele ukuhlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana nensimbi ye-carbon structural, insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ephansi, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa, ama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel, nama-alloys ethusi.

imvamisa ephezulu

imishini ye high frequency welding Zethula izici ezihlukile uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokushisela, ngoba zinikeza ukusebenza okungaphezu kokuhlanganisa okulula kwezinto. Lawa madivaysi okushisela agqama ngenxa yekhono lawo lokushisa ngokushesha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu, akwazi ukuncibilika ngokushesha noma iyiphi into yensimbi.

Ngaphezu kwekhono labo lokujoyina izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-metallic by welding, imishini yokushisela imvamisa ephezulu ziyasebenza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza njenge-diathermy, ukusakaza nokwelashwa kokushisa, kanye nokujoyina ezinye izinhlobo zezinto. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo okuhlangene, isisindo sazo esiphansi esingamakhilogremu ambalwa nje, azidingi amasilinda e-acetylene noma umoya-mpilo, okuwenza abe inketho ephathekayo nephumelelayo ezindaweni eziyinselele noma ngaphandle.

Indlela yokukhetha i-welder efanele

Into yokuqala ukunquma ukuthi hlobo luni izinto ozidingayo ukuze uzijoyine nokuthi unesabelomali esingakanani. Kuphela ngalezi zici ezimbili uzokwazi ukukhipha inqwaba yemishini bese uya eqenjini elichazwe kakhulu labashiseli. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona into kuphela, ukukhetha i-welder efanele kungaba yisinqumo esibalulekile, ngoba kuthonya ikhwalithi yamaphrojekthi akho wokushisela. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha i-welder:

• Uhlobo lwe-Weld: Nquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-welding okufanele ulwenze. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-MIG, TIG, MAG, SAW,… Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinhlelo zalo zokusebenza kanye nezidingo, njengoba ngichazile ngenhla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okwamanje ungathola abaningi imishini esekela izindlela eziningi imishini yokushisela, efana nemishini ye-MMA+MIG+TIG, engashisela ngalezi zindlela ezintathu, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba nezingcezu ezintathu zemishini ehlukene.
• Ukuphatheka nosayizi: Uma udinga ukuhambisa i-welder njalo, cabangela isisindo sayo nobukhulu bayo. Imishini ephathekayo ivamise ukuba usizo emisebenzini ezindaweni ezahlukene. Njengamanje kunemishini emincane kakhulu, ngisho namashisela amise okwesibhamu.
• I-Amperage: I-amperage efanele iyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwensimbi, ukujiya kwempahla, uhlobo lwe-electrode noma intambo yokushisela, nezinye izici. Ukusebenzisa i-amperage efanele kubalulekile ekuzuzeni ama-welds aphephile, angaguquki, futhi ahlanganiswe kahle. I-amperage eningi kakhulu ingaholela ekushiseni okudlulele, i-spatter, kanye ne-weld ebuthakathaka noma ehlanekezelwe, kuyilapho i-amperage encane kakhulu ingaholela emalungeni ampofu kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlangana. Emakethe kunemishini yokushisela enama-amperage aphezulu njenge-120A, 300A, njll.
• Umthombo wamandla: Ama-welders angasebenza ngogesi wesigaba esisodwa noma ezintathu. Qiniseka ukuthi umthombo wamandla uyatholakala endaweni yakho.
• Umjikelezo wokusebenza: sibhekisela esikhathini lapho umshiseli angasebenza ngomthamo wawo oqinile osimeme. Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa imizuzu eyi-10 lapho i-arc welder ingasebenza khona ngamandla ayo alinganiselwe. Isibonelo, umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-60% kuma-amps angu-300 usho ukuthi i-welder ingasetshenziswa imizuzu engu-6 (kuma-amps angu-300), emva kwalokho ukupholisa okusebenzayo kufanele kuvunyelwe imizuzu emi-4 ngokusebenza kwabalandeli. Le ndlela inenjongo esobala yokunciphisa ingozi yomonakalo obangelwa ukushisa okunqwabelene ohlelweni.
• Ikhwalithi nomkhiqizo: Ucwaningo oluthembekile lwenziwa namamodeli anikeza idumela elihle ngokwekhwalithi nokuqina. Ezinye izibonelo zemikhiqizo enconyiwe yi-Cevik, Miller, Metalworks, Greencut, Lincoln Electric, JBC, Telwin, Esab, Weller, Krafter, PTK, Daewo, Soltec, Vevor, Hitbox, njll.
• Izesekeli nezici ezengeziwe: abanye abashiseli beza nezici ezengeziwe ezifana nezinhlelo zokupholisa, ukulungiswa kwesivinini sokuphakela kwezintambo, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, njll. Thola ukuthi yiziphi izici ezibalulekile ezidingweni zakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amakhithi lapho beletha khona amagilavu, imaski, njll.

Izesekeli ezidingekayo zokushisela

Ngaphezu kokukhetha i-welder enhle, kubalulekile futhi ukuzihlomisa nge izesekeli ezifanele ukusebenza ngokuphepha futhi ugweme izingozi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele ubambe:

• Amagilavu: kubalulekile ukuthola amagilavu ​​amahle ukugwema ukusha lapho uthinta izingxenye zensimbi eduze nendawo yokushisela. Lawa magilavu ​​aqinile futhi ngokuvamile enziwa ngesikhumba.
• I-Máscara: Yebo, uma ungafuni ukushisa i-cornea yakho kusuka ekukhanyeni kokushisela, kufanele ugqoke imaski ye-welder. Khumbula ukuthi ngaphandle kwawo ungaba nokulimala kwamehlo okubuhlungu futhi ulahlekelwe ngisho nokubona. Ngaphakathi kwamaski singakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi:
  • Okuvamile: i-mask evamile, enengilazi e-opaque ehlunga ukukhanya okuyingozi, nakuba kungase kube ubuqili kwabaqalayo, ngoba awukwazi ukubona lapho ubeka khona i-electrode. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo singathola:
    • Manual: Kuyimaski esesimweni sesikrini esimboza lonke ikhanda, ngefasitela lapho ingilazi ehlunga ukukhanya ikhona. Ibanjwa ngesandla esisodwa, leso onakho mahhala futhi awusebenzisi nge-electrode. Okubi wukuthi kuzofanele ugcine isandla esisodwa simatasa ne-mask, okuhle wukuthi ungakwazi ukusisusa kalula uma ufuna ukubona okuthile.
    • uhlobo lwesigqoko: efana neyangaphambili, kodwa awudingi ukuyibamba ngesandla, ifakwa ekhanda ngebhande lekhanda elilungisekayo futhi linehinge lokuphakamisa noma ukwehlisa imaski. Lokhu kushiya izandla zakho zikhululekile, kodwa kungase kuhambe kancane uma ufuna ukukususa ngesikhathi esithile ukuze ubuke okuthile.
  • Okuzenzakalelayo: Ziwuhlobo lwesigqoko sokuzivikela, kodwa esikhundleni sokuba nengilazi ekhanyayo evamile, zinesikrini sikagesi esikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngaso. Bangasebenza nokukhanya ngokwako ngeseli ye-photoelectric noma badinge ibhethri kwezinye izimo. Into enhle ukuthi isikrini sizohlala sisobala ekuqaleni, sikuvumela ukuthi ubone lapho ubeka khona i-electrode, futhi izoba mnyama ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho izinhlansi ziqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye bavame ukuba nezindlela ezimbalwa, zokusika, ukushisela, njll., futhi bavumele nokulawula ukubambezeleka kanye namandla isikrini esiba mnyama ngawo.
• Izimpahla nezicathulo ezifanele: okufanelekile ukusebenzisa ama-ovaroli okusebenza avala sonke isikhumba semilenze nesiqu, njengoba izinhlansi zingandiza ezingadala ukusha lapho zithinta isikhumba. Yiqiniso, izicathulo nazo zibalulekile, ngoba kufanele zibe ne-insulating sole ukugwema ukukhishwa okungenzeka.
• Imaski yobuso: Ungase futhi udinge imaski ukuze ugweme ukuhogela amagesi anobuthi lapho ushisela insimbi, njengoba indawo engaphezulu yalezi zinsimbi, lapho ishiswa, ikhipha intuthu enobuthi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuyisebenzisela amanye ama-electrode e-tungsten, njengalawo aphethe i-thorium, ngoba angaba yingozi empilweni.

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