Amabhethri ashintsha kakhulu: ngenkathi amabhethri e-lithium-ion eqhubeka nokubusa emakethe, ubuchwepheshe obusha bamabhethri buqala ukubamba , buhlose ukuphepha okukhulu, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nokuzivumelanisa kangcono nokusetshenziswa okukhethekile, kusukela ezimotweni zikagesi kuya ekugcinweni okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo. Eminyakeni embalwa nje, isimo singase sihluke kakhulu kulokho esiyikho namuhla.
Phakathi kweziphakamiso ezithola amandla okudonsa kukhona amabhethri e-zinc-iodine angenamanzi , aklanyelwe ukufakwa okukhulu okumile, namabhethri e-solid-state anamandla aphezulu kakhulu , alungele ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ububanzi bezimoto zikagesi. Iningi lamandla avela ezikhungweni zocwaningo zase-Asia kanye nabakhiqizi, kodwa umthelela wawo uzozwakala naseYurophu.
Amabhethri amasha e-zinc-iodine angenamanzi: aphephile futhi anempilo ende kakhulu
Iqembu labacwaningi abavela eFlinders University (e-Australia) liveze ibhethri le-zinc-iodine elinamanzi elinikeza indlela ehlukile kumaseli e-lithium-ion avamile. Esikhundleni sama-electrolyte aphilayo avuthayo, lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa i -electrolyte esekelwe emanzini , okunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokushisa ngokweqile kanye nemililo ebangelwa ukusabalala kokushisa.
Amabhethri e-zinc-iodine akuwona umqondo omusha; abelokhu ecwaningwa amashumi eminyaka . Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa kwawo kwaphazanyiswa yinkinga ethile: ukufuduka kwe-polyiodide, into yamakhemikhali ebangela i-iodine ukuthi ihambe nge-separator yamaseli, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwebhethri ngokushesha ngokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo.
Ithimba lase-Australia linqobe lesi sithiyo ngokuklama “ikheji” lama-molecule elikwazi ukugcina amakhemikhali e-iodine ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusabela okudingekayo kwe-electrochemical. Ukuze bafeze lokhu, basebenzise ama-polymer atholakala kuma- cyclodextrins , ama-molecule ajikelezayo avela ku-starch, asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi emikhakheni efana nokudla nezimonyo, futhi manje athola ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile emkhakheni wokugcina amandla.
Lawa ma-cyclodextrins anengaphandle elithanda amanzi kanye nomgodi wangaphakathi ongathandi amanzi. Le nhlanganisela ivumela ama-polyiodide ukuthi abambeke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-polymer, okuwavimbela ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka kulo lonke ibhethri. Umphumela uba uhlelo olunciphisa ukuhamba kwalezi zinhlobo ze-iodine, esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuguguleka kwamabhethri e-zinc-iodine afundwe kuze kube manje.
Idatha yobuchwepheshe: imijikelezo, umthamo kanye nezikhathi zokushaja
Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kubonisa ukusebenza okungavamile kwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe. Kokunye kokucushwa okuvivinyiwe, ibhethri lifinyelela cishe ku- 200-205 mAh/g womthamo othize cishe imijikelezo egcwele engu-8.000, kanye nezikhathi zokushaja ezingaba yimizuzu eyisikhombisa kusukela ekungenalutho kuya ekugcwaleni.
Kolunye uhlobo oluklanyelwe ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, uhlelo lufinyelela imijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha engu-60.000 , lugcina umthamo ongaba ngu-150 mAh/g. Kulokhu, isikhathi sokushaja esigcwele sincishiswa kakhulu sibe cishe imizuzu emithathu , okuyisibalo esingaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okuvumela amabhethri amaningi wamanje.
Ngokusho kwemibhalo yobuchwepheshe, lawa maseli asebenza ku-voltage ephakathi kuka -1,3 no-1,4 V futhi abonisa ukuwohloka okuphansi kakhulu ngomjikelezo ngamunye, okulinganiselwa phakathi kuka-0,0001% no-0,0003% ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuqala. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lawa ama-prototypes elabhorethri amancane , ngakho-ke kusazobonakala ukuthi azosebenza kanjani lapho umklamo usetshenziswa kumabhethri amakhulu nasezindaweni zokusetshenziswa zangempela.
Isihluthulelo salokhu kuthuthuka sisekuhlanganisweni kwesikhathi eside sokuphila kanye nesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuvuselela , into ewusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni lapho imijikelezo iphindaphindwa khona njalo usuku lonke. Kumagridi kagesi anezinto eziningi ezivuselelekayo noma izinhlelo zokusekela, ukuba nebhethri elikwazi ukumelana namashumi ezinkulungwane zemijikelezo kungaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunokukhulisa ubuningi bamandla.
Ukuphepha, imikhawulo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza: kungani singeke sikubone kuselula yakho
Ukusebenzisa i -electrolyte yamanzi kunikeza inzuzo ecacile yokuphepha. Ngokungafani nama-electrolyte aphilayo avuthayo asetshenziswa kumabhethri amaningi e-lithium-ion, amanzi anciphisa kakhulu ingozi yomlilo kanye nokubaleka kokushisa, okuyinkinga kokubili kumadivayisi aphathekayo kanye nokufakwa okukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, leli bhethri elisha le-zinc-iodine linephutha elikhulu uma ucabangela ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuma -smartphone, amaphilisi, noma ama-laptop : ubukhulu bamandla alo obuphezulu buphansi kunobamaseli e-lithium-ion amanje. Ukuze kugcinwe inani elifanayo lamandla, kuzodingeka ivolumu eyengeziwe, okuholela kumabhethri amakhulu, ngakho-ke, amadivayisi aqinile noma asindayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abacwaningi ngokwabo baphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buzothatha indawo yamabhethri e-lithium kuma-electronics asetshenziswayo esikhathini esifushane . Umhlahlandlela wabo uqondiswe ngokusobala ekugcinweni kwamandla amakhulu , insimu lapho usayizi nesisindo kungabalulekile khona kunokuqina, ukuphepha, kanye nezindleko ngomjikelezo ngamunye.
Ngokukhethekile, izinhlelo zokusebenza zikhulunywa ngazo ekufakweni kwamandla avuselelekayo —njengezitshalo zelanga noma amapulazi omoya —, izikhungo zokugcina amandla ezixhunywe kugridi kagesi, kanye nezinhlelo ezikwazi ukwenza kube lula isidingo esiphezulu. EYurophu, lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezivuselelekayo kuyinto eza kuqala, lezi zinhlobo zezixazululo zingangena kumaphrojekthi ahilela ukusekela ibhethri kwegridi , iziteshi zokushaja ezisheshayo, noma izikhungo zokugcina zikamasipala.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe busesezigabeni zabo zokuqala, umsebenzi owenziwe e-Australia ubonisa ukuthi ikhemistri ye-zinc-iodine isenendawo yokuthuthukiswa. Uma isungulwa, ingahambisana nezinye iziphakamiso ezivelayo emkhakheni wokugcina amandla angasebenzi, njengamabhethri okugeleza noma izixazululo ezisekelwe ku-sodium, yandisa uhla lwezinketho ngale kwe-lithium-ion.
Umjaho wamabhethri aqinile: ukukhuphuka kobuningi kuvela eShayina
Nakuba amabhethri e-zinc-iodine ehloselwe kakhulu igridi kagesi kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu engqalasizinda, omunye umkhuba omkhulu kubuchwepheshe obusha bebhethri ugxile ezimotweni zikagesi. Amabhethri e-Solid-state abe yithemba elihamba phambili lokuqhubekela phambili ebangeni, ukuphepha, kanye nokuphila uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli e-lithium-ion avamile.
Abakhiqizi abaphambili baseShayina abanjengoBYD , CATL, kanye neGeely bahlonze u-2027 njengonyaka obalulekile wokushintsha kusuka kuma-prototypes elabhorethri kanye nokuhlolwa kweqembu elincane kuya kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwangempela ezimotweni. Abanye abakhiqizi bamabhethri, njengeFarasis Energy, CALB, kanye neGotion High-Tech , bajoyine lo mkhankaso, kanye nezinkampani ezisafufusa ezibona lobu buchwepheshe njengethuba lokuthola indawo.
Umgomo ovamile ukuthuthukisa amaseli akwazi ukunikeza amandla amaningi ngaphandle kokwandisa usayizi noma isisindo sebhethri, ngenkathi kunciphisa ingozi yokubaleka kokushisa nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kwezinto. Empeleni, lokhu kuzohumushela ezimotweni ezinebanga elikhulu ngokushaja ngakunye , ukushaja okusheshayo, nokuqina okukhulu, kokubili emijikelezweni neminyaka yokusetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ukubaluleka kwalesi sinyathelo kudlulela ngale kwemakethe yaseShayina: IYurophu incike kakhulu kumabhethri akhiqizwa e-Asia, futhi noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe be-solid-state kuzobeka isisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezimoto yaseYurophu kanye nezinhlelo zayo zokushintshela ezimotweni zikagesi.
I-Geely kanye nomjaho kuzoba ngabokuqala ukufinyelela amabhethri angu-500 Wh/kg
Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu yiGeely 's , eyembule isizukulwane esisha samabhethri e-solid-state ane-energy density emenyezelwe efika ku- 500 Wh/kg . Lesi sibalo, kwezinye izimo, siphinda kabili ububanzi bamabhethri amaningi e-NMC amanje, avame ukuba phakathi kuka-250 no-300 Wh/kg.
Ubuningi obunjalo buvumela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi kugcinwe amandla engeziwe ngesisindo esifanayo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuncishiswe isisindo sephakethe ngenkathi kugcinwa umthamo ofanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwemoto iyonke. Njengesibonelo esijwayelekile, iphakethe elingu-80 kWh okwamanje elinesisindo esicishe sibe noma esidlula u-450 kg lingaba lula kakhulu, kube nomthelela oqondile ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukusheshisa okuvamile kunomthelela omkhulu.
I-Geely ibonise obunye balobu buchwepheshe emibukisweni yezohwebo ekhethekile futhi ibonise ukuthi amabhethri ayo asebenzisa i- solid-state sulfur electrolyte , okungukuthi, izinto ezingaphili ezithatha indawo ye-electrolyte yendabuko ewuketshezi. Le nkampani ayikanikezi imininingwane nge-electrode chemistry eqondile, umthamo we-kWh wamaphakethe ebhethri ehlela ukuwahlanganisa, noma umjikelezo othize we-homologation wezinhlobo ezikhangisiwe.
Leli qembu lihlela ukuqala ukuhlolwa komgwaqo kanye nokukhiqizwa kokuhlola cishe ngo-2027, lisebenzisa izimoto ezivela ezinkampanini eziningana elizilawulayo, okuhlanganisa iVolvo, iPolestar, iZeekr, iLynk & Co, iLotus, kanye neSmart. Inani lamayunithi namamodeli athile alikaqinisekiswa okwamanje, kodwa indlela ihilela ukuqalisa uchungechunge olulinganiselwe kuqala, ngokuvamile ngamanani aphezulu angakwazi ukwamukela iprimiyamu yokuqala yezindleko.
Ngaphezu kobubanzi, i-Geely ikhuluma ngobude besikhathi obungafinyelela amakhilomitha ayisigidi kwezinye izimo, inani elizothi uma lifinyelelwa, linciphise ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuwohloka kwesikhathi eside. Le phrojekthi inabalingani abanjengoDow, abahilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinamathiselo nezinto ezikwazi ukugcina izakhiwo zazo ebangeni elibanzi lokushisa, kusukela cishe ku--40 kuya ku-+120 °C, okubalulekile ekuzinzeni kwamabhethri ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu noma ezishisa kakhulu.
I-China ibeka u-2027 njengonyaka obalulekile we-electrolyte eqinile
Ngaphandle kwesimo esithile se-Geely, indawo yaseShayina ikhombisa ukuhlangana okuphawulekayo ngosuku oluqondiwe luka-2027. I-BYD ibhalise amalungelo obunikazi ahlobene namabhethri aqinile futhi ibonise lowo nyaka ngemiboniso yayo yokuqala yezimoto. I-CATL, umholi womhlaba wonke ekuhlinzekweni kwamabhethri, iphinde yazisa abatshalizimali bayo ukuthi isebenza ngo-2027 njengosuku oluqondiwe lokukhiqizwa kokuhlola.
Okwamanje, abakhiqizi abanjengo- CALB, i-Gotion High-Tech, kanye ne-Farasis Energy bahlonze lesi sikhathi njengesikhathi esifanele sokuqalisa izinhlelo zabo zokuqinisekisa imigwaqo. I-CALB, inkampani yesithathu ngobukhulu emakethe yaseShayina ngokwesabelo, ihlela ukuqala ukuhlolwa kwezimoto zikagesi ngezinga elincane futhi ikhulise kancane kancane umkhiqizo engxenyeni yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka elizayo.
I-Gotion High-Tech, esekelwa yiVolkswagen , igxile emizamweni yayo kumabhethri aqinile anobuningi obuqondiwe endaweni engu- 350 Wh/kg , ngenhloso yokufaka uchungechunge oluncane ezimotweni zokuhlola kusukela ngo-2027 kanye nokuqhubekela phambili ekukhiqizweni kwezentengiselwano phakathi kuka-2029 no-2030. I-Farasis Energy, ehlotshaniswa neMercedes-Benz, isebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanti u-2030 uyisisulu sokungena ekukhiqizweni okukhulu.
Ngisho nezinkampani ezazingaxhunyanisiwe nezimoto zikagesi kuze kube muva nje, njenge -Dreame Technology —eyaziwa ngemishini yayo yasekhaya — ziye zethula imephu yazo yendlela yamabhethri aqinile. Ngokusho kwedatha yazo, amaseli azo e-Galaxy Crystal angafinyelela amandla afinyelela ku-60 Ah futhi adlule ku- 450 Wh/kg , kanti ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano nakho kulindeleke ukuthi kuqale cishe ngo-2027.
Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuguqula iseli lokuhlola libe ibhethri elifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi , elinezindleko ezilawulwayo kanye nokuqina okuhlangabezana nezidingo zezimoto, kusalokhu kuyinselele enkulu yobuchwepheshe. Abaphathi kwabanye abakhiqizi banxuse ukuthi kuqashelwe ngokuphathelene nokulindela, beqaphela ukuthi isikhathi singase selulwe nokuthi akuwona wonke amaphrojekthi azofika emakethe ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Umthelela ongaba khona eYurophu kanye nemakethe yezimoto zikagesi
Ukuqoqwa kwamaphrojekthi ebhethri eliqinile eShayina kunemiphumela eqondile eYurophu. Amaqembu amakhulu ezimoto aseYurophu—kufaka phakathi abanye abalingani babakhiqizi bamabhethri base-Asia—ancike ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka lapho intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ithuthukiswa khona kakhulu ngaphandle kwezwekazi.
Uma ubuningi bamandla obungu-350 kuya ku-500 Wh/kg buguqulelwa ezimotweni ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-1.000 km ngokushaja kanye nezikhathi zokuphila ezisondela kumakhilomitha ayisigidi, ingcindezi kubakhiqizi baseYurophu izokwanda kakhulu. Ukuncintisana ngeke kusekelwe entengo kuphela, kodwa futhi nekhono lokunikeza izimoto ezinezidingo zokushaja ezingavami kanye namabhethri agcina ukusebenza kwazo iminyaka eminingi.
Kulesi simo, i-European Union iqalise izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri athuthukile endaweni kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela emithonjeni yangaphandle, kodwa ijubane lentuthuko akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulifanisa. Ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuhlukile—njenge-sodium-ion, i-lithium iron phosphate ethuthukisiwe, noma amabhethri e-solid-state athuthukiswe eYurophu—kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokugcina ukuncintisana kwezimboni kanye nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala.
Kubathengi, umthelela obonakala kakhulu uzofika lapho uchungechunge lokuqala lwezimoto ezinamabhethri esizukulwane esilandelayo luqala ukuvela emgwaqweni, mhlawumbe ezigabeni eziphakathi kuya kweziphezulu noma eziphezulu. Uma imiphumela ngokwebanga, ukuwohloka, kanye nokuphepha ihlangabezana nokulindelekile, isidingo cishe sizoshintsha ngokuya kulezi zinhlobo, sisheshise ukuguquka futhi sisunduzele ubuchwepheshe bamanje ekusetshenzisweni kwesibili noma ezigabeni zokuqala.
Uma kubhekwa konke, intuthuko emabhethrini e-zinc-iodine angenamanzi kanye namaseli e-solid-state aphezulu akhomba eminyakeni eyishumi lapho ukugcinwa kwamandla kuzoshintsha kakhulu: kusukela ekufakweni okukhulu okuzinzisa igridi futhi kwenze kube lula ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezinto ezivuselelekayo, kuya ezimotweni zikagesi ezikwazi ukuhamba amabanga angacabangeki namuhla ngokushaja okukodwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zobuchwepheshe ezintsha zamabhethri kuzophawula ingxenye enkulu yokuthuthuka komkhakha wamandla nokuhambahamba eYurophu nakwamanye amazwe omhlaba.
