Uma singena ezweni lokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, kuvamile kakhulu ukudideka nje ukuhlela nokwakheka kwesistimu. Ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe, empeleni, kuwumklamo osezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu wesakhiwo sohlelo, osebenza njengohlaka lwephrojekthi. Akukhona nje ukubhala imigqa yekhodi esebenzayo, kodwa mayelana nokusungula uhlaka oluhambisanayo, olusekelwe ezifinyezweni namaphethini, oluvumela isofthiwe ukuthi ilawuleke futhi iguquke ngaphandle kokuthi konke kubhidlike ekuguqulweni kokuqala.
Cabanga uzama ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza oluyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokwakheka okucacile; kufana nokuzama ukwakha i-skyscraper ngaphandle kwemidwebo. Izitezi ezimbalwa zokuqala zingase zibukeke zinhle, kodwa ngokushesha isakhiwo sizowa. Le nqubo ihilela ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa , ukuhlaziya hhayi nje kuphela lokho uhlelo okumele lukwenze (izidingo zokusebenza), kodwa nokuthi kumele luziphathe kanjani maqondana nokusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye nokuguquguquka—lokho esikubiza ngokuthi izidingo ezingezona ezokusebenza.
Izisekelo kanye nobukhulu bezakhiwo
Ukuze sikuqonde ngokugcwele lokhu, kumele sihlukanise phakathi kokwakheka okunengqondo nokungokoqobo. Nakuba ukwakheka okunengqondo kugxile ezingxenyeni ezingabonakali, izixhumi zazo, kanye nendlela ezixhumana ngayo, ukwakheka okungokoqobo kunesibopho sokuhumusha lokho ezweni langempela, kunqunywe ukuthi yimaphi amaseva noma amakhompyutha azoqhuba umsebenzi ngamunye.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlaka lwesakhiwo luklanywe ngezinhloso nemingcele engqondweni. Imigomo ifaka izici ezifana nokuhlolwa, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokugcinwa , kuyilapho imingcele ngokuvamile iyimingcele yobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo. Isibonelo, kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukuzama ukusebenzisa uhlaka lwezigaba ezintathu ohlelweni oludinga izimpendulo zesikhathi sangempela ezibucayi, njengoba ukubambezeleka kungaba yinto engamukeleki.
Ukubukwa Kwesistimu Nokumodela
Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwesofthiwe luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba lungabonakala esithombeni esisodwa, kusetshenziswa imibono noma amamodeli ahlukene ukuluchaza. Okuthathu okuyisisekelo kakhulu yile:
- Umbono oqinile: Inesibopho sokuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezakha ukwakheka.
- Umbono osebenzayo: Chaza umsebenzi othize owenziwa yileyo naleyo ngxenye.
- Umbono oguqukayo: Chaza ukuziphatha kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lonke ithimba likhuluma ulimi olufanayo, i -Unified Modeling Language (UML) ivame ukwamukelwa . Nakuba kuyindinganiso, kuyacetyiswa ukuthi uqaphele ngoba ulimi olunjalo olujwayelekile ngezinye izikhathi lungangazinaki imingcele ethile yesistimu, efana nalokho okwenzekayo ngesofthiwe ethile ye -CAD ekhethekile.
Amaphethini Okwakha Afaneleka Kakhulu
Asikho isidingo sokuvuselela isondo kuyo yonke iphrojekthi; indlela evamile ukukhetha iphethini ejwayelekile ngokusekelwe ezinzuzweni zayo kanye nokungalungi kwesimo esithile. Nasi ukubheka okuvame kakhulu:
Izakhiwo Ezihlanganisiwe Nezisatshalalisiwe
Iphethini yeklayenti neseva iyisinkwa nebhotela lewebhu. Ihlanganisa izinsiza kuseva eziphendula amakhasimende amaningi. Ilungele ukuphathwa kanye nokukhula, yize inobuthakathaka: uma iseva iwa, isevisi iyama ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphethini yomthengisi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezisatshalaliswa lapho ingxenye yomlamuleli ixhumanisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinsizakalo ezikude, ithuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo kodwa ikhulisa izindleko zengqalasizinda.
Inhlangano Enezingqimba Nezimodular
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinezingqimba cishe yikona okusakazeke kakhulu. Kuhlukanisa isofthiwe ibe amazinga okungabonakali (ngokuvamile isethulo, ibhizinisi, kanye nedatha). Inzuzo yayo eyinhloko yikhono lokuhlolwa ngokuzimela , yize kungabhekana nokwehla kokusebenza njengoba isicelo ngasinye kumele sidlule kuzo zonke izingqimba.
Ngaphakathi kwale ndlela, iphethini ye -Model-View-Controller (MVC) iyagqama , ihlukanisa i-logic kusuka kudatha (Model), isikhombimsebenzisi (View), kanye nokuphathwa kokufaka (Controller). Kuyisisekelo sezinhlaka ezifana ne-Spring kanye ne-Angular futhi ivumela abathuthukisi abaningi ukuthi basebenze ngokufana ngaphandle kokugqagqana.
Izindlela Zanamuhla Nezingandiswa
Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu, ama-microservices ayasetshenziswa . Lapha, uhlelo luhlukaniswe lwaba izinsizakalo ezizimele ezixhumana ngama-API, okuvumela i-Netflix noma i-Amazon ukuthi ibuyekeze isici esisodwa ngaphandle kokuvala yonke iwebhusayithi. Okufana nalokhu yi -SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) , evame kakhulu ebhange, lapho izinsizakalo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zivezwa khona kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphakathi ezahlukene.
Siphinde sithole i-Event-Driven Architecture , lapho izinsizakalo zisabela khona ezinguqukweni zesimo (imicimbi), ezifanele izinqubo ezingahambisani, kanye ne -Serverless Architecture , lapho unjiniyela elayisha khona imisebenzi efwini kuphela futhi umhlinzeki ephatha ingqalasizinda, ethuthukisa izindleko eziqongweni zethrafikhi ezingahleliwe.
Indlela Yokuklama Isakhiwo Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo
Ukuklama akufani nokugingqa idayisi; kudinga inqubo ehlelekile ukuze kugwenywe ubunjiniyela obungaphezu kobungcweti. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda kokubili izidingo zokusebenza kanye nezingasebenzi . Ukusho nje ukuthi uhlelo kumele "lusheshe" akwanele; ukusebenza kanye nokukhula kumele kubalwe ukuze kunikezwe umklamo isiqondiso esicacile.
Uma imigomo isicacile, kunconywa ukuthi ucabange ngezingxenye bese wenza i-prototyping esheshayo . Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa izibikezelo nokuthola amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba abize kakhulu ukuwalungisa. Indlela ewusizo kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ukwakheka kube "izingcezu." Ngenkathi i-horizontal slice ichaza izendlalelo, i- vertical slice (indlela ye-Agile) ivumela ukulethwa okuphindaphindiwe kokusebenza okuphelele (kusuka kudathabheyisi kuya ku-UI).
Izimiso Zekhwalithi Nemikhuba Emihle
Ukuze umklamo ube namandla ngempela, kufanele uhloniphe izinsika ezithile: ukuguquguquka kuvumela ukushintsha ingxenye eyodwa ngaphandle kokuphula okunye; ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kuvimbela ikhodi ekubeni "ibhola lodaka"; futhi ukusetshenziswa kabusha kusindisa isikhathi ngokungadingi ukuhlela into efanayo kabili.
Kubalulekile ukugwema isilingo sokukhetha iphethini ngoba nje imfashini. Umklamo kufanele usuke ezidingweni zephrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwesikhala kumele kuqashwe, njengoba ukwengeza izici ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulungisa ukwakheka kungalimaza ukuzinza kwesistimu yonke.
Ukuhlela kahle izakhiwo, okulinganisela izindleko, isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, kanye nokuphendula kumthamo womsebenzisi, yikho okuhlukanisa umhleli wezinhlelo kunjiniyela wesofthiwe wangempela. Ngokuhlanganisa umbono ocacile wezingxenye, ukukhethwa okufanele kwamaphethini, kanye nomjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo osekelwe kuma-prototypes, kungenzeka ukwakha uhlelo olungaxazululi inkinga yamanje kuphela kodwa futhi olukwazi ukuthuthuka nokuhlala lusebenza kahle lapho kubhekene nezidingo ezishintshayo zemakethe yobuchwepheshe.
