Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zamahhala, abantu abaningi bacabanga ngokushesha nge-Linux, kodwa kukhona umzala osondelene kakhulu futhi othakazelisayo: izinhlelo ze-BSD . Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kuyinzalo eqondile ye-UNIX, uhlelo oludumile olwabeka izisekelo zekhompyutha yesimanje, futhi yize zinesabelo semakethe esincane namuhla, ithonya lazo likhulu kakhulu, likhona kumadivayisi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke ngaphandle kokuqaphela.
Ukuzihlola ezweni le-BSD kufana nokuthatha uhambo oluya ezimpandeni zekhompyutha. Akuzona nje izinhlobo ze-Linux, kodwa umndeni onefilosofi yawo , ozalelwe emahholo eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley. Ngokungafani namanye amaphrojekthi, i-BSD igxile ekubumbaneni kwesistimu kanye nenkululeko yelayisensi eye yavumela ngisho nezinkunzi zesofthiwe ezizimele ukuthi zisebenzise ikhodi yazo.
Imvelaphi yakho konke: Kusukela ku-Bell Labs kuya eBerkeley
Konke kwaqala ngawo-70, lapho i-Bell Labs ye-AT&T idala i-UNIX. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-AT&T yayingenakukwazi ukuthengisa isofthiwe ngenxa yezinkinga zokungathembeki, ngakho banikeza ilayisense ikhodi yomthombo emanyuvesi. Yileyo ndlela iNyuvesi yaseBerkeley eyathola ngayo uhlelo futhi yaqala ukulushintsha ukuze iluvumelanise nocwaningo lwayo.
Umfundi ogama lakhe linguBill Joy wayeyisihluthulelo sale nqubo, edala amathuluzi aseyinganekwane manje, njengomhleli wombhalo we-vi kanye negobolondo le-C. Lokho okwaqala njengochungechunge lwama-plugin e-Unix (i-Berkeley Software Distribution edumile) ekugcineni kwaba uhlelo lokusebenza oluphelele noluzimele. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwano ne-AT&T baba buthaka lapho le nkampani inquma ukuhoxisa amalayisense ayo okusebenzisa ngezizathu zezentengiselwano, okwabangela impi yezomthetho eyaphoqa iBerkeley ukuba isuse yonke iminonjana yobunini kukhodi yayo.
Le nqubo yokulungisa amaphutha iholele ezinguqulweni zamahhala nezivumela kakhulu. I-BSD ayigcinanga nje ngokufaka ikhodi, kodwa futhi yafaka nezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe esizithatha kalula manje, njenge- TCP/IP protocol suite , i-paged virtual memory management, kanye ne-Fast FileSystem. Empeleni, iningi lengqalasizinda ye-inthanethi yanamuhla inesitembu se-BSD.
I-BSD ihluke kanjani ku-GNU/Linux?
Uma uqala ukubuka, uma uvula i-terminal ye-FreeBSD kanye ne-terminal ye-Debian, uzozizwa usekhaya kuzo zombili. Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-hood, izinto ziyashintsha. Umehluko omkhulu usemodelini yokuthuthukiswa . Ku-Linux, i-kernel yinto eyodwa kanti lonke uhlelo (amathuluzi e-GNU) luhlukile; ukusatshalaliswa kufana ne-collage yezingcezu ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ku-BSD, i-kernel kanye nezinsiza eziyinhloko zakhiwa njengeyunithi eyodwa, ehlangene.
Bese kuba nenkinga yelayisensi. Nakuba iLinux isebenzisa i-GPL, edinga ukukhishwa kwekhodi yanoma iyiphi i-derivative, ilayisensi ye-BSD iguquguquka kakhulu . Ivumela inkampani ukuthi ithathe ikhodi, iyishintshe, bese iyivala ukuze iyithengise njengesofthiwe eyimfihlo. Yingakho ikhodi ye-BSD ifakiwe ku- macOS, iOS, kanye ne-Windows (ikakhulukazi ku-networking stack yayo), ngisho nakuma-consoles afana ne-PlayStation 4 kanye ne-Nintendo Switch.
Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, i-BSD isebenzisa uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi ama-ports ukufaka izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani zangaphandle. Ngenkathi uhlelo oluyisisekelo luhlala luzinzile futhi lubuyekezwa ngokweshejuli, izinhlelo zokusebenza zomsebenzisi zingagcinwa zisesikhathini, kuvinjwe ukuthi i-kernel bug ingaphazamisi uhlelo lonke.
Ukusatshalaliswa okuvelele kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo
Uma ufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo, kunezinketho eziningana kuye ngokuthi udingani ihadiwe. I-FreeBSD cishe iyinkanyezi enkulu. Igxile ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa, okwenza ibe yintandokazi yamaseva wokuqukethwe kwewebhu, isitoreji, kanye nokuphepha. Iyisisekelo seminye imisebenzi eminingi futhi izwakala iqinile kakhulu kokubili ku-x86 kanye ne-ARM architectures.
Uma ukhathazekile ngokuphepha, i-OpenBSD ingeyakho. Le phrojekthi yasungulwa njengefoloko le-NetBSD, eholwa nguTheo de Raadt, enesithakazelo sokwenza ikhodi ivikeleke ngokuzenzakalelayo . Yonke imigqa yekhodi ibuyekezwa ngokucophelela, futhi zonke izinsizakalo ezingadingekile ziyakhutshazwa ukuze kuncishiswe indawo yokuhlasela, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu kuma-firewall nama-router.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sine -NetBSD , indlovukazi yokuthwala kalula. Isiqubulo sayo esithi, "vele iqhuba i-NetBSD," asiyona ihlaya; isebenza cishe kunoma yini, kusukela kumakhompyutha amadala kuya emisebenzini yasemkhathini ye-NASA . Uma unehadiwe endala noma engavamile kakhulu, i-NetBSD iyindlela ephephe kakhulu.
- I-DragonFly BSD: I-fork ye-FreeBSD egxile ekubhaleni kabusha ukuphathwa kwemali kanye nohlelo lwefayela le-HAMMER ukuthuthukisa ukubalwa kweseva.
- I-GhostBSD: Yakhelwe umsebenzisi ovela ku-Windows noma ku-Linux ofuna okuthile ilungele ukusetshenziswa, enendawo yokuhlela efakwe ngaphambilini (MATE) futhi kulula ukuyilungisa.
- NomadBSD: Igugu lokuliphatha kudrayivu ye-USB. Ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise uhlelo lwe-BSD oluqhubekayo imishini yokulungisa noma isofthiwe yokuhlola ngaphandle kokuthinta i-hard drive.
- Phakathi kwamabiliBSD: Igxile kudeskithophu, ixuba ikhodi evela emagatsheni ahlukahlukene futhi inikeza indawo ejwayelekile ye-Xfce.
Amanye amaphrojekthi athakazelisayo kanye nezinto ezisuselwe kuzo
Umuthi womndeni we-BSD mkhulu kakhulu. Kukhona amathuluzi akhethekile kakhulu njenge -pfSense kanye ne-OPNsense , empeleni i-FreeBSD eguqulwe yaba ama-firewall anamandla nama-router. Kukhona namaphrojekthi afana ne -TrueNAS (eyayikade i-FreeNAS) okuphatha isitoreji esikhulu kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwefayela le-ZFS.
Kukhona ngisho nemizamo yokuphakamisa ulwazi lwedeskithophu iye kwelinye izinga, njenge -helloSystem , ehlose ukwenza kube lula futhi kube nobuhle be-macOS, noma i-ravynOS . Asikwazi ukukhohlwa ukuthi i-kernel yama-Mac e-Apple, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Darwin , iyinzalo eqondile ye-NeXTSTEP futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ye-BSD.
Kwabanolwazi oluningi, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okufana ne-HardenedBSD , okunezela izendlalelo ezengeziwe zokunciphisa ukuxhashazwa, noma icala elimangalisayo le -Void Linux , nakuba kuyi-Linux, yadalwa ngunjiniyela we-NetBSD futhi izuza imibono yayo eminingi, njengohlelo lwephakheji lwe-XBPS kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-runit.
Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-BSD namuhla kuyinto evuzayo kulabo abafuna ukuzinza kanye nohlelo oluhlelekile kahle, noma ngabe ukwesekwa kwehadiwe kuyinselele kakhulu kuneLinux. Naphezu kokubamba isabelo semakethe esingaphansi kuka-0,5% kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu, ifa layo lobuchwepheshe lakha umgogodla wobuchwepheshe obuningi obusekela umhlaba wedijithali wanamuhla.