I-Welding: amathiphu namasu okwenza kahle le nqubo

La ukushisela akulula. Lapho uqala, kuvamile ukwenza amaphutha amaningi, njengamalunga angaphelele, ukunamathela i-electrode ensimbi, ukungalungisi i-amperage ngendlela efanele, ukubhoboza insimbi, njll. Kodwa-ke, ngalawa macebiso namasu kule nqubo, uzokwazi ukufunda ukusebenzisa eyakho umshini wokushisela kahle, kusukela esihlokweni esandulele ngikufundise konke okudingeka ukwazi ukuze ukhethe okulungile.

Ngikumema ukuba ube umshiseli omuhle kumaphrojekthi akho e-DIY ngensimbi ne-thermoplastics ngalo mhlahlandlela…

• Imishini yokushisela engcono kakhulu ongayithenga

incazelo ye-weld

La Welding imele inqubo yokuhlanganisa ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zento ngokuhlanganisa. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinto ziyizinsimbi noma i-thermoplastics, okuyizinto ezivumela lolu hlobo lokuhlangana. Kule nqubo, izingxenye zihlanganiswa ngokuncibilika, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufakwe enye impahla eyengeziwe (insimbi noma ipulasitiki) okuthi, lapho incibilikiswa, idale into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-solder pool" okuyizinto ezifakiwe ezihlanganisa izingxenye ndawonye. Uma impahla isipholile futhi iqina, yakha isibopho esiqinile esibizwa ngokuthi 'ubuhlalu'.

Ezihlukahlukene Imithombo yamandla, njengelangabi legesi, i-arc kagesi, i-laser, i-electron beam, izindlela zokungqubuzana noma ama-ultrasonics, angasetshenziswa ukwenza ukushisela. Ngokuvamile, amandla adingekayo ukuze ahlanganise izingxenye zensimbi avela ku-arc kagesi, kuyilapho i-thermoplastics ihlanganiswa ngokuthintana okuqondile nethuluzi noma ngokusebenzisa igesi eshisayo. Futhi, ngenkathi ukushisela kuvame ukwenziwa ezilungiselelweni zezimboni, kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ukwenze ezindaweni ezihlukene ezingathi shu, njengangaphansi kwamanzi ngisho nasemkhathini.

izinhlobo zokushisela

La i-soldering ne-brazing izindlela ezimbili zokuhlanganisa ezisetshenziswa embonini ukuxhuma izingcezu zensimbi noma ezinye izinto. Nakuba kokubili kuhilela ukuncibilika kwento ethile ukuze kwakhe isibopho, kunomehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwakho ngokwezinga lokushisa, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezakhiwo eziwumphumela.

• I-Soft Solder: inqubo lapho i-low melting point solder material isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izingcezu zomsebenzi. Izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo le-solder liphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, ngokuvamile lingaphansi kuka-450°C, livumela into ukuthi incibilike ngaphandle kokuthikameze kakhulu izinto zokusebenza. I-soldering ethambile ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, amapayipi amapayipi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlangana okuqinile, okungamelani nokushisa okuphezulu. Isibonelo, uhlobo lwe-solder ethambile kungaba yileyo esetshenziswa ku-electronics namapayipi ngamathayela, noma futhi esetshenziselwa i-thermoplastics.
• I-Brazing: Kuyinqubo yokuhlanganisa lapho kusetshenziswa impahla yokugcwalisa enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphakeme kunasekuhlanganisweni okuthambile, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-450°C no-900°C. Kule nqubo, izingcezu zomsebenzi aziphonswa, kodwa izinto zokugcwalisa ziyancibilika futhi zingeniswe ekuhlanganyeleni phakathi kwezingcezu. Uma impahla yokugcwalisa iqina, idala uxhumano oluqinile noluhlala njalo. I-Brazing isetshenziselwa ukujoyina izingxenye ezidinga ukumelana nemithwalo yemishini kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu, njengokwenza amathuluzi, izimoto, izakhiwo, njll. Izibonelo zalolu hlobo lokushisela yilezo ezisetshenziselwa izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, insimbi, i-aluminium, njll.

Izinto ezingashiselwa (weldability)

La ukushisela Isho ikhono lezinto zokwakha, noma zifana noma azifani ngokwemvelo, ukuthi zixhunywe unomphela ngezinqubo zokushisela. Nakuba, ngokuvamile, izinsimbi eziningi zingashiselwa, insimbi ngayinye inokwehluka kwayo, ebonakala ngezimfanelo ezithile ezithwala izinzuzo ezithile kanye nokubi. Izinto ezinquma ukushisela kwensimbi zihlanganisa uhlobo lwe-electrode esetshenzisiwe, izinga lokupholisa kwalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamagesi okuvikela, kanye nesivinini inqubo yokushisela okwenziwa ngayo.

Izinsimbi ezishiselayo

Phakathi kwe izinsimbi ezishiselayo sithola okulandelayo:

• Izinsimbi (insimbi engagqwali, carbon steel, galvanized steel,…)
• Insimbi encibilikisiwe.
• I-aluminium nama-alloys ayo.
• I-Nickel nama-alloys ayo.
• I-Copper nama-alloys ayo.
• I-Titanium nama-alloys ayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele sihlukanise lezi zinsimbi ezishiselayo ngokwemibandela ehlukene, njenge ukumelana nogesi noma i-conductivity banayo, ngoba lokhu kubalulekile lapho kuthengiswa:

• Ukumelana nogesi okuphakeme/izinsimbi zokuhambisa ugesi eziphansi: zingafakwa ezishiselwe ngamandla aphansi (ama-currents aphansi), njengensimbi.
• Ukumelana nogesi okuphansi/izinsimbi eziphezulu ze-conductivity kagesi: bashisela ngamandla aphezulu, okungukuthi, badinga i-amperage eyengeziwe. Izibonelo zalezi zinsimbi i-aluminium, ithusi, namanye ama-alloys.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi singahlukanisa ngokohlobo lwensimbi:

• Izinsimbi ezinokwakheka kwe-ferrous: insimbi eyinsimbi, lezo lapho insimbi iyingxenye evelele, ibonisa izici eziphawulekayo zamandla aqinile nobulukhuni.
  • Insimbi: Inensimbi njengesisekelo sayo, ihlukaniswa ngokuthambile kwayo, ukumelana nokuguquguquka. Le nsimbi ingumqhubi omuhle kakhulu wokushisa nogesi, okuyenza ilungele amasu ahlukahlukene wokushisela. Naphezu kwalezi zimfanelo, insimbi inokulinganiselwa, njengesisindo sayo esikhulu kanye nokuba lula kwayo ukugqwala. Kuvamile ukuthola ukuhluka nge-carbon, ngokugxila okuphezulu kokugcina kuqinisa insimbi futhi kuyenze ibe lukhuni kakhulu. Nokho, ukushisela kuyehla ngenani eliphambene nokuba lukhuni. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukuhlanzeka kwe-weld nokugwema ukukhuphuka ngenxa yokuthambekela kwensimbi ukugqwala. Izinsimbi ezinamandla aphezulu yizona ezifanele kakhulu izinqubo zokushisela.
  • I-cast iron noma i-cast iron: etholwe ekuhlanganisweni kokuqala kwe-iron kuma-blast furnaces, iqukethe amanani aphawulekayo ekhabhoni ne-silicon, futhi i-brittle. Nakuba ukushisela i-cast cast iron kubangela ubunzima, akunakwenzeka. Noma yimuphi umkhondo wamafutha noma amafutha kufanele agwenywe ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela, njengoba lokhu kungase kube nzima umsebenzi. I-Welding cast iron iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebizayo edinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokushisa kwangaphambili ngethoshi ye-oxyacetylene. Uma kungenjalo, i-weld ewumphumela izoba engazinzile futhi kube nzima ukuyiphatha. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, lo msebenzi awufanele izimfundamakhwela.
• Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi: yilezo ukwakheka kwazo okungafaki insimbi, zihlelwe zaba izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:
  • Ama-Heavy Metals (ukuminyana okulingana noma okukhulu kuno-5 Kg/dm³):
    • Tin: isetshenziswa ekwenzeni i-tinplate nasembonini yezogesi.
    • Copper: ngokusebenza okuvelele kagesi kanye ne-thermal, ukumelana nokugqwala. Kudinga ukugcinwa kwe-welding engenasici ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-oxides. Isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izintambo zikagesi, amapayipi, njll.
    • Zinc: inokwanda okushisayo okuphezulu phakathi kwezinsimbi. Isetshenziswa ekwenzeni amashidi, amadiphozithi, njll. Ibuye isetshenziswe njengokwelashwa okungaphezulu ukuze kufakwe insimbi.
    • Hola: isetshenziswa ekushiseleleni okuthambile kanye nama-coatings, kanye nasemapayipini, nakuba ingasasetshenziswa ngenxa yobuthi bayo.
    • I-Chrome: isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinsimbi namathuluzi angagqwali.
    • I-Nickel: isetshenziswa njenge-coating ezinsimbi nasekukhiqizeni izinsimbi ezingenasici.
    • i-tungsten: esetshenziswa ukwenza amathuluzi okusika emishinini.
    • I-Cobalt: isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinsimbi eziqinile.
  • izinsimbi ezilula (ukuminyana phakathi kuka-2 no-5 Kg/dm³):
    • titanium: ivelele kulesi sigaba futhi isetshenziswa embonini yezomoya kanye ne-turbine.
  • Izinsimbi ezikhanyayo (ukuminyana ngaphansi kuka-2 Kg/dm³):
    • Magnesium: Isetshenziswa njenge-deoxidizer endaweni yensimbi, igqama kulesi sigaba sokuminyana esiphansi kakhulu.

Ipulasitiki eshiselayo

I-Los i-thermoplastics ama-polymers abonakala ngokukwazi kwawo ukungena emijikelezweni yokuncibilika nokuqiniswa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Lapho zifakwa ukushisa, ziba uketshezi futhi, lapho zipholile, ziphinde zibe lukhuni. Kodwa-ke, lapho ifika endaweni yokubanda, i-thermoplastics ithola ukwakheka kwengilazi nokuphuka. Le mininingwane, enikeza okokusebenza ubunikazi bayo, kwethula ukuziphatha okubuyiseleka emuva, okuvumela okokusebenza ukuthi kube ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokushisisa, ukulungisa kabusha kanye nokupholisa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Abanye izibonelo ze-thermoplastics Yilezi:

• I-PET (i-Polyethylene Terephthalate): Ingeyama-polyester, isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zansuku zonke futhi igaywa kabusha kalula. Ifomu layo le-semicrystalline lizinzile. Kujwayelekile emaphaketheni aqinile futhi aguquguqukayo ngenxa yokukhanya kwawo.
• I-HDPE (High Density Polyethylene): Iguquguquka kakhulu, itholakala ku-petroleum. Isetshenziswa emabhodleleni, ojeke, amabhodi okusika kanye namapayipi, okuphawula ukumelana kwayo nendawo yokuncibilika.
• I-LDPE (I-Low Density Polyethylene): i-polyethylene ithambile, imelana futhi iyaguquguquka, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Inekhemikhali enhle futhi imelana nomthelela, nephuzu lokuncibilika lika-110°C.
• I-PVC (i-Polyvinyl Chloride): esetshenziswa ekwakheni, ekufakeni amapayipi, ekwakhiweni kwamakhebula, emishinini yezokwelapha nokunye. Isebenza ngezindlela eziningi, iyonga futhi ithatha indawo yezinto zendabuko.
• I-PP (i-Polypropylene): Kuyi-polymer eqinile, engazweli futhi ene-low density. Isetshenziselwa izikhwama, izicelo zobunjiniyela, kanye nokubumba ibhodlela. Ingeyesibili ipulasitiki ekhiqizwa kakhulu.
• I-PS (I-Polystyrene): I-Styrofoam isobala futhi isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yabathengi kanye nokupakishwa kwezentengiso. Kungaba okuqinile noma kube negwebu, kusetshenziswe kumishini yezokwelapha, ama-casings, kanye nokupakishwa kokudla.
• Inayiloni: Kuyi-polyamide engazweli, enwebekayo futhi esobala. Isetshenziselwa ukudoba, izindwangu, izintambo, izinsimbi, amagiya, amasokisi, njll., futhi incibilika emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (263ºC).

Okunye kwalokhu kuzozwakala njengokujwayelekile kuwena kwethi izindatshana mayelana namaphrinta we-3D, njengoba zisetshenziselwa lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza okungeziwe.

Yini udoti?

La indle yomuntu I-Solder iyinsalela engeyona eyensimbi eyenziwe ngezindlela ezithile zokushisela. Iqala lapho impahla ye-flux esetshenziswa ekushiseleni iqina uma inqubo isiqediwe. Le slag ingumphumela wenhlanganisela ye-flux nezinto ezingafuneki noma amagesi asemoyeni asebenzisana nayo ngenkathi i-welding. Ukungabikho kwe-flux kanye ne-slag eyenza kungabangela i-oxidation ye-solder.

I-slag ngokuvamile ihlala ku-weld seam, njengohlobo lwegobolondo eliphukayo uma seliqinile, futhi lingasuswa kalula. Uma i-weld yenziwe kahle, ngokuvamile iphuma ngokuthepha okumbalwa okuthambile. Nokho, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi lapho ukushisela kuqala, kungenzeka ukuthi le slag izovaleleka ngaphakathi kobuhlalu, idale ilunga elibuthakathaka.

Kuyini i-splash?

I-Las ukufafaza Izinto zokushisela zihlanganisa amaconsi amancane ensimbi encibilikisiwe noma izinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezihlakazwayo noma ezikhishwayo ngesikhathi sokushisela. Lezi zinhlayiya ezincane ezishisayo zingakhishwa futhi zihlale endaweni yokusebenza noma phansi, kuyilapho ezinye zinganamathela ezintweni eziyisisekelo noma ezinye izingxenye zensimbi eziseduze. Lawa ma-splashes abonakala kalula, athatha uhlobo lwama-sphere amancane ayindilinga uma eseqinile.

Abayona inkinga enkulu, kodwa izinga lobuhle yebo bangaba njalo. Bangase badinge ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ukuze baqede lezi zinhlamvu futhi bashiye indawo ebushelelezi.

Indlela yokushisela kahle

I-soldering iyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi, noma kunjalo, ifomu elejwayelekile, kungenziwa ngalezi zinyathelo (ngincoma ukuthi ubuke ividiyo ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningi oluyingcaca):

lawula ukushuba

Lawula ukuqina kwamanje, noma i-amperage, kungenye yezinkinga eziyisisekelo ukwenza i-weld enhle. Abaningi balahleka kakhulu lapho beqala ukushisela uma kuziwa ekukhetheni i-amperage, kodwa izikhathi eziningi kuyindaba yokuzama nephutha. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza izinto zibe lula kuwe, nanka amatafula amabili lapho ungabona khona ama-amps okufanele uwakhethe ngokuya ngokuqina noma ukushuba kwezingcezu ezizoshiselwa futhi ngokuya nge-electrode oyikhethile. Lokhu kungakuqondisa, nakuba kungase kube khona umehluko omncane kuye ngomshini wokushisela okhethiwe.

Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, kukhona a iqhinga elilula ukukhetha i-amperage ngokuya nge-electrode, uma kwenzeka ungenayo leli tafula eduze. Futhi imane iphindaphinda ububanzi be-electrode ngo-x35, ukuze uthole ama-amps aphezulu. Isibonelo, uma sine-electrode yobubanzi obungu-2.5mm, izoba ngu-2.5×35=87A, okuyindilinga ingaba ngu-90A. Ngokusobala, lo mthetho awusebenzi ngemishini yokushisela izintambo...

Ukukhetha ama-electrode / izintambo ezifanele

Intambo eqhubekayo noma i-electrode

Ukukhetha intambo efanele (ebizwa nangokuthi i-electrode eqhubekayo) kuyindaba yokucabangela izici ezilandelayo:

• Ukuthi roll ihambisane ngokusekelwa kwe-welder, njengoba ungathola imiqulu engu-0.5 kg, 1 kg, njll.
• Ukuthi impahla yentambo ifanelekile kunyunyana ozoyenza, ngokwensimbi ofuna ukuyijoyina.
• Ukuthi ukujiya komucu kufanelekile (0.8mm, 1mm,…), futhi lokhu kuzoncika ebubanzini be-chord noma ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamalunga. Intambo ewugqinsi iyohlala ingcono kumajoyinti lapho kunegebe eliningi noma kudingeka ukugcwalisa okwengeziwe.
• I-Tipo i-welding wire noma i-electrode eqhubekayo, lapho kufanele sihlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene:
  • Okuqinile noma okuqinileZakhiwe ngensimbi eyodwa. Ngokuvamile, le nsimbi inokwakheka okufanayo kwesisekelo, ngokufaka ezinye izakhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanzeka kwe-substrate. Lezi zintambo eziqinile zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinsimbi zekhabhoni ephansi kanye nezinto ezincane. Njengoba zingashiyi izinsalela ze-slag ku-weld futhi zipholile ngokushesha, zifanele lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
  • I-Tubular noma nge-core: banempushana eguquguqukayo ngaphakathi efeza umsebenzi ofana nowama-electrode ahlanganisiwe. Lezi zintambo zikuvumela ukuthi usebenze ngaphandle kwesidingo segesi yokuvikela ngesikhathi sokushisela. Banikeza ukuzinza okukhulu kwe-arc kanye nokungena okujulile, okuholela ekuqedeni okuhlangene okuphakeme ngenxa yamathuba aphansi okukhubazeka kanye ne-porosity. Izintambo ezinezintambo zivame ukusetshenziswa ezintweni eziwugqinsi, njengoba zikhiqiza i-slag kubuhlalu futhi ukupholisa kwayo kuhamba kancane. Lesi sici sibenza balungele umsebenzi wokushisela kulolu hlobo lwezinto. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi, njengaku-MMA stick welding, ukukhishwa kwe-slag kuyadingeka uma usebenzisa izintambo ezinama-cored.

i-electrode esetshenziswayo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinakho ama-electrode asetshenziswayo, lapho sibona inani elikhulu lezinhlobo nama-diameters, ngakho-ke kuba nzima kakhulu ukukhetha okulungile. Nokho, lapha sikufundisa:

• Ukugqoka:
  • Camera: zenziwe ngensimbi yensimbi efeza umsebenzi wokuhlinzeka ngezinto ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela, kanye nokugqoka okuqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kunamathela kwenza imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile: ukuvikela insimbi encibilikisiwe emkhathini ozungezile kanye nokuzinzisa i-arc kagesi. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo sina:
    • I-Rutile (R): Ambozwe i-rutile noma, ngamanye amazwi, i-titanium oxide. Aphathwa kalula futhi alungele ukushisela amashidi amancane kanye namashidi ezinto ezifana nensimbi noma insimbi ethambile. Zisetshenziswa emisebenzini engafanele, zishibhile, futhi zivame kakhulu.
    • Okuyisisekelo (B): Lezi zimbozwe nge-calcium carbonate. Njengoba imelana kakhulu nemifantu, ilungele ukushisela okuyinkimbinkimbi ethile. Ilungele ama-alloys welding. Azikho ezishibhile noma kulula ukuzithola.
    • I-Cellulose (C): Zihlanganiswe ne-cellulose noma ama-organic compounds. Asetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi, ekwehleni kokushisela okuqondile nokukhethekile (njengamapayipi egesi), phakathi kweminye imisebenzi enzima kakhulu.
    • Kusuka ku-asidi (A): i-silica, i-manganese ne-iron oxide ziyisisekelo esakhiweni esimboza lawa ma-electrode. Zisetshenziselwa umsebenzi onokujiya okukhulu ngenxa yokungena kwawo okukhulu. Bangakwazi ukunikeza imifantu ezimeni lapho izinto eziyisisekelo zingafaneleki noma zingenazo izici ezinhle zokuthi zishiselwe.
  • hhayi camera: abanalo ungqimba oluyisivikelo, olukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ezinqubweni zokushisela igesi. Kulesi simo, ukuvikelwa kwangaphandle ngegesi ye-inert kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungena kwe-oxygen ne-nitrogen. Lawa ma-electrode asetshenziswa ku-TIG welding technique, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-tungsten electrode. Le nqubo ivumela ukuthola ukuqedwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinto.
• Material: futhi kufanele ukhethe i-electrode efanelekile ngokusho kwempahla ozoyishisela, ngoba ingahluka kuye ngokuthi iyinsimbi / insimbi, noma i-aluminium, njll.
• Ububanzi: singakhetha usayizi ofanele ngokuya ngenani lempahla esifuna ukuyishiya entanjeni. Kukhona ugqinsi olungaphezulu noma oluncane, njengoba sesibonile, nakuba ukukhetha okujwayelekile uma ungabaza kungu-2.5mm, okuyiwona osetshenziswa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuhlangana kufanele kube kuncane, khetha ububanzi obuncane, futhi uma ukuhlangana kuqhelelene kakhulu, ufuna ukugcwalisa izikhala ezinkulu, noma ukumboza izimbobo, okuhle ukukhetha i-electrode ewugqinsi.
• I-Longitud: Ungathola futhi ama-electrode anobude obungaphezulu noma obuncane. Ngokusobala ezinde zizohlala isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi ziyakhathaza kakhulu ukuzilawula. Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezo eziwu-350mm ubude, okungukuthi, 35 cm. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu bayabasika, ngoba bancamela ukusebenza nge-electrode emfushane…
• I-AWS nomenclature: Lokhu kunqunywa izinombolo ze-electrode, njengoba inombolo ngayinye ibonisa okuthile. Njengoba uzobona kuma-electrode ezentengiselwano, uhlobo lwe-nomenclature E-XXX-YZ luyavela. Manje ngizochaza ukuthi le khodi ye-alphanumeric isho ukuthini:
  • I-AWS A5.1 (E-XXYZ-1 HZR): ama-electrode ensimbi ye-carbon.
    • E: kubonisa ukuthi i-electrode yokushisela i-arc.
      
    • XX: ikhombisa amandla amancane okubamba, ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangemuva kokushisela. Isibonelo, i-6011 inamandla amancane kune-7011.
    • Y: ikhombisa indawo lapho i-electrode ilungele ukushiselwa khona.
      • 1=Zonke izikhundla (eziyisicaba, eziqondile, usilingi, ezivundlile).
      • 2=Okwezindawo eziyisicaba nezivundlile.
      • 3=Ngendawo eyisicaba kuphela.
      • 4=Phezulu, mpo phansi, ukushisela okuyisicaba nokuvundlile.
    • Z: uhlobo lwamanje kagesi kanye ne-polarity engasebenza ngalo. Ukwengeza, thola uhlobo lwe-coating esetshenzisiwe.
    • HZR: Le khodi yokuzikhethela ingabonisa:
      • HZ: ithobelana nokuhlolwa kwe-hydrogen ehlakazekayo.
      • R: ihlangabezana nezidingo zokuhlolwa kokumunca umswakama.
  • I-AWS A5.5 (E-XXYZ-**): ngezinsimbi eziphansi ze-alloy.
    • Ngokufanayo nangenhla, kodwa shintsha isijobelelo sokugcina **.
    • Esikhundleni sezinhlamvu basebenzisa uhlamvu nenombolo. Zikhombisa isilinganiso sephesenti lengxubevange kwidiphozithi yokushisela.
  • I-AWS A5.4 (E-XXX-YZ): ngezinsimbi ezingenasici.
    • E: kubonisa ukuthi i-electrode yokushisela i-arc.
    • XXX: inquma isigaba se-AISI sensimbi engagqwali lapho i-electrode ihloselwe khona.
    • Y: ibhekisela esikhundleni, futhi futhi sine:
      • 1=Zonke izikhundla (eziyisicaba, eziqondile, usilingi, ezivundlile).
      • 2=Okwezindawo eziyisicaba nezivundlile.
      • 3=Ngendawo eyisicaba kuphela.
      • 4=Phezulu, mpo phansi, ukushisela okuyisicaba nokuvundlile.
    • Z: uhlobo lwe-coating kanye nekilasi lamanje kanye ne-polarity engasetshenziswa ngalo.

ama-electrode angasebenziseki

Okokugcina, akumelwe sikhohlwe ama-electrode angasebenziseki, okungukuthi, ama-tungsten noma ama-tungsten, noma yini ofuna ukuwabiza. Kulokhu singazihlukanisa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• I-Tungsten 2% Thorium (WT20): ibomvu, isetshenziselwa ukushisela i-DC TIG. Kufanele ugqoke imaski, ngoba ingaba yingozi empilweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni i-oxidation, ama-acids nezinsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa njengethusi, i-tantalum ne-titanium.
• 2% i-Cerium Tungsten (WC20): Zimpunga ngombala futhi zinempilo ende ewusizo, kanye nokuhlonipha indawo ezungezile nempilo. Ngakho-ke, zingaba enye indlela enhle kune-thorium.
• I-Tungsten 2% Lanthanum (WL20): banombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, osetshenziselwa ukushisela okuzenzakalelayo, okunempilo ende ewusizo kanye ne-flash ephezulu. Ayikhiphi imisebe.
• I-Tungsten 1% Lanthanum (WL5): umbala uphuzi kulokhu, futhi usetshenziselwa ukusika i-plasma nokushisela.
• I-Tungsten kuya kuZirconium (WZ8): ezinombala omhlophe, zisetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukushisela i-AC.
• I-Tungsten Ehlanzekile (W): umbala uluhlaza, ungashisela i-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-nickel nama-alloys nge-AC welding. Ayinazo izithasiselo, ngakho-ke ayilimazi njenge-thorium.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile nesixazululo

Nakuba kukhona inani elikhulu ukukhubazeka okungenzeka, izikhathi eziningi ongazithola futhi uzigweme yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ukubukeka kwentambo okungekuhle: Le nkinga kungenzeka ibangelwa ukushisa ngokweqile, ukukhetha okungalungile kwama-electrode, ukuxhumeka okungalungile noma ama-amperages angalungile. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, lungisa okwamanje osetshenzisiwe kuze kube yilapho uthola ibhalansi efanele bese ukhetha i-electrode efanelekile esebenza ngesivinini esithile ukuze uvimbele ukushisa ngokweqile.
• Ukuchaphaza okweqile: Uma ukuchaphaza kudlula amazinga ajwayelekile, kungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa amandla amanje aphezulu kakhulu noma amandla kazibuthe amaningi. Futhi, isincomo ukwehlisa i-amperage ukuze ubone umkhawulo oqondile ohlelweni lwakho.
• Ukungena ngokweqile: Kulesi simo, inkinga enkulu ngokuvamile iyindawo enganele ye-electrode. Kuphakanyiswa ukuhlaziya i-engeli efanele ukuze kuzuzwe ukugcwaliswa okuphelele.
• i-weld ephukile- Ukuqhekeka kwe-weld kubangela ubudlelwane obungalungile phakathi kobukhulu be-weld nezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe, okuholela ekuhlanganeni okuqinile. Ngokunikezwa lokhu, sebenzisa amakhono akho okuhlaziya ukuze udizayine isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe sokuhlangana okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kosayizi, izikhala ezifanayo, kanye nokukhetha i-electrode efaneleke kakhudlwana.
• i-brittle noma i-brittle weld: Lena enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu ekushiseleni, ngoba ingaba nomthelela omubi kwikhwalithi yokugcina yezingxenye. Izimbangela zingasukela ekukhetheni okungalungile kwe-electrode ukuya ekwelapheni ukushisa okunganele noma ukupholisa okunganele. Ngakho-ke, qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa i-electrode efanelekile (okungcono enokuqukethwe kwe-hydrogen ephansi), nciphisa ukungena futhi uqinisekise ukupholisa okwanele.
• Ukuhlanekezela: Lesi sici singabangelwa ukuklama okungekuhle kwasekuqaleni noma ngokunganaki ukushwabana kwezinsimbi, okuholela ebhondini elimpofu futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukushisa ngokweqile. Kulesi sigaba, buyekeza futhi, uma kunesidingo, uhlele kabusha imodeli, futhi ucabangele izinketho ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwama-electrode esivinini esiphezulu.
• Ukuncibilika okungalungile kanye nokuguqulwa: Lezi zinkinga zidalwa ukushisa okungalingani noma ukulandelana kokusebenza okungalungile, okuholela ekushwabaneni okungafanele kwezingxenye. Ungakwazi ukubhekana nalokhu ngokwakha izingxenye ezikhulula ukucindezeleka ngaphambi kokushisela, kanye nokuhlola ngokucophelela ukulandelana kwenqubo.
• kubukela phansi: Le nkinga ngokuvamile iwumphumela wokungakhethi kahle kwama-electrode noma ukuphatha, noma ukusebenzisa i-amperage ephezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya uma usebenzisa i-electrode efanele futhi kungenzeka unciphise isivinini sokushisela.
• I-Porosity: ingavela ngenxa yengxube ye-slag enensimbi encibilikisiwe lapho idluliswa izikhathi eziningana ngaphandle kokukhipha i-slag kuqala, ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwensimbi phakathi nenqubo, njll. Kulesi simo, ukwenza ubuhlalu obuhle obufanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaphandle kokudlula izikhathi eziningana (ngaphandle kokususa i-slag), kubalulekile.

Ukuphepha nokungabaza njalo

Vikela Ukuphepha kokushisela kubalulekile ukuvimbela izingozi nokulimala komuntu siqu. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokuphepha okufanele uzilandele lapho wenza umsebenzi wokushisela:

• Ungashiseli ezindaweni ezinezinto ezivuthayo noma ezivuthayo eziseduze: Inhlansi ekhiqizwa phakathi nenqubo ingase ibangele imililo noma ukuqhuma.
• Sebenzisa i-PPE noma okokuvikela: ehlanganisa imaski yokuvikela amehlo, amagilavu ​​ezandla, izicathulo ezinezingqimba ezivikelayo nezingubo ezinde ukugwema ukusha kwesikhumba. Futhi, uma uzoshisela ama-electrode ama-galvanized noma ama-tungsten anezici ezinobuthi, sebenzisa imaski yokuhlunga njalo.
• Indawo enomoya omuhle: sebenza endaweni enomoya omuhle ukuze ugweme ukunqwabelana kwentuthu namagesi anobuthi. Uma usebenza endlini, qiniseka ukuthi kukhona ukuzungeza komoya okwanele noma sebenzisa izinhlelo zokukhipha intuthu.
• Isicishamlilo kanye nosizo lokuqala: gcina isicishamlilo esifanelekile kanye nekhithi yosizo lokuqala esandleni uma kuba nanoma yisiphi isimo esiphuthumayo. Zijwayeze ukusetshenziswa kwayo nendawo.
• Ungabhemi noma udle ukudla: gwema ukubhema, ukudla noma ukuphuza eduze nendawo yokushisela, njengoba umusi nezinhlayiyana zingangcolisa ukudla futhi zibe yingozi empilweni yakho.
• Izisetshenziswa zisesimweni esihle: Ukugcinwa kahle komshini wokushisela kubalulekile ukuze ube sesimweni esihle futhi ugweme izinkinga zokukhishwa ngenxa yokungagxili kahle, ukushisa ngokweqile, njll.
• Nqamula amandla: Ngaphambi kokuba ulungise noma uthinte noma iyiphi ingxenye yemishini yokushisela, qiniseka ukuthi inqanyuliwe emthonjeni wamandla kagesi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, enye ye- Umbuzo ovame kakhulu phakathi kwabaqalayo ukuthi ukuthinta ucezu olushiselwe noma i-electrode kungabangela ukushaqeka kukagesi.. Futhi iqiniso liwukuthi:

• Ungathinta ucezu lwensimbi olushiselayo ngesandla esingenalutho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukushaqeka lapho i-electrode ne-ground clamp kuthintana. Kodwa-ke, akunconywa, ngoba ungazishisa lapho izinga lokushisa lezicucu likhuphuka.
• I-electrode ingcono kakhulu iyekwe ingakathintwa, nokho-ke abashiseli abaningi abangochwepheshe bayayisekela egilavuni yabo ngokunemba okukhulu. Kumele kushiwo ukuthi lezo eziboshwe nge-rutile azikhiphi, ngoba insimbi ngaphakathi ihlanganiswe ne-insulator. Kodwa uma ungabaza ukuthi i-coating is insulating noma uma une-electrode engenalutho, ungalokothi uyithinte.

Ungakhohlwa ukufunda isihloko sethu mayelana Imishini yokushisela engcono kakhulu ongayithenga...