Arduino UNO: ukuhlaziywa kwepuleti hardware libre kahle

Kusukela yethulwa emakethe ipuleti Arduino UNO, okuningi kuguquke kuleli bhodi ngokukhishwa kokubuyekezwa kwalo kwakamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abadali bayo abafanayo bagijimele ukudala amanye amapuleti afanayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukumboza izidingo eziningi kunalezo ezahlanganiswa i-UNO ekuqaleni. Ngisho nabanye abaningi baye baba nesibindi sokwenza ama-clone abo noma amabhodi ahambisanayo, yize kungenjalo ngempumelelo efanayo.

Ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-Arduino kwakukhona namanye amaphrojekthi afanayo, njengamabhodi e-Parallax adumile anama-microchip PIC microcontrollers angahlelwa kalula kusetshenziswa izilimi ezifana ne-PBASIC phakathi kwezinye. Isibonelo salokhu yi-Basic Stamp 2 evela ku-Parallax. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi akekho hardware libre Kwakusho ukuthi babengenazo izimpande ezifanayo emakethe njengoba iphrojekthi ye-Arduino ibe nayo. Ipuleti lase-Italy libe yinguquko ngempela kulo mqondo.

Yini Arduino UNO IsAm3?

Arduino UNO I-Rev3 isibuyekezo sakamuva okukhona okwamanje kwepuleti. Yibhodi elincane elisebenza ngogesi eline-microcontroller ehlelwe ku-PCB yayo. Ngaphezu kwale chip esetshenzisiwe, ifaka nochungechunge lwamaphini njengokufaka kanye nemiphumela engasetshenziswa ngokuhlela i-chip ukwenza izinto ezahlukene. Ngale ndlela, amaphrojekthi we-elekthronikhi angakhiwa kalula.

Leli puleti livela ku- iphrojekthi ye-arduino, iphrojekthi yase-Italiya yaqala ngonyaka ka-2005 egxile ekwakheni isoftware evulekile kanye ne-hardware yabafundi ikakhulu. Imiklamo yokuqala yayiqondiswe esikhungweni e-Ivrea, e-Italy. Ngaleso sikhathi abafundi balesi sikhungo semfundo basebenzise izitembu ezidumile zeBASIC esengike ngazisho ngenhla. Lokhu bekunezindleko ezinkulu, futhi bezingavulekile.

Ngaphambi kwakho konke lokho, uHernando Barragán wayesungule ipulatifomu yentuthuko ebizwa ngeWiring, iphrojekthi egqugquzelwe ngabadumile Icubungula ulimi lohlelo. Ngalokhu njengesisekelo, baya emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa amathuluzi ashibhile futhi alula abafundi. Ngakho-ke baqala ukudala ibhodi yehadiwe ene-PCB kanye ne-microcontroller elula, kanye nokwakha i-IDE (Imvelo Ehlanganisiwe Yentuthuko).

Njengoba i-Wiring isivele isebenzisa ibhodi ene-ATmega168 microcontroller, lezi zinto ezalandelwa zilandelwe ngendlela efanayo. UMassimo Banzi noDavid Mellis bangangeza ukusekela i-ATmega8 kweWiring, okwakushibhile ngisho nangaphezu kwenguqulo 168. Futhi ngakho-ke igciwane lokuqala lalokhu namuhla liyavela Arduino UNO. Iphrojekthi ye-Wiring ibizwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Arduino.

Ngokunikwa amandla ala mapuleti, ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwangezwa kusuka emphakathini ukuqhubekela phambili nokwenza amapuleti amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlinzeki be- izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi nabakhiqizi baqala ukuklama imikhiqizo ethile iyahambisana Arduino. Njengoba kwenzeka nge-Adafruit Industries. Ukusuka lapha kwavela izihlangu eziningi namamojula angeziwe ala mapuleti.

Ebhekene nempumelelo enkulu, nayo yenziwa i-Arduino Foundation, ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza nokuqoqa imizamo yephrojekthi ye-Arduino. Imodeli efana naleyo yezinye izinhlangano ezifanayo njengeLinux Foundation, iRaspberry Pi Foundation, RISC-V Foundation, njll.

Kusukela kuleli phuzu, kuye kwavela izinhlobo eziningi ze-Arduino, ezinezinto ezahlukahlukene nama-microcontroller ahlukahlukene, kanye izesekeli eziningi esixoxe ngayo kule bhulogi:

• 28BYJ-28
• IGyroscope
• I-ACS712
• ESP8266
• njll

Imininingwane eningiliziwe ye- Arduino UNO

Lona ipuleti Arduino UNO Inezici ezithile ezenza ihluke, futhi inochungechunge lokwehluka maqondana namanye amabhodi e-Arduino esizokugqamisa.

Izici zobuchwepheshe, uhlelo kanye ne-pinout

El i-pinout nobuchwepheshe bebhodi Arduino UNO Isambiso3 Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani kahle, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke wazi imikhawulo nendlela efanele yokuxhuma zonke izinto ze-elekthronikhi kuzikhonkwane namabhasi abo atholakalayo.

Ukuqala kuqala nge IZIMPAWU zakhe, Ingabe unayo:

• I-Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller nge-16 Mhz
• Imemori ye-Onboard SRAM: 2KB
• Imemori ehlanganisiwe ye-EEPROM: 1 KB
• Imemori ye-Flash: 32 KB, engu-0.5 KB esetshenziswa yi-bootloader, ngakho-ke ayinakusetshenziselwa ezinye izinhloso.
• I-voltage yokusebenza kwe-Chip: 5v
• Kunconywe ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi: 7-12v (yize isekela u-6 kuye ku-20v)
• Ukuqhubeka kwamanje okuqhubekayo: 40mA kwe-I / O ne-50mA kwephini le-3.3V.
• Izikhonkwane ze-I / O: izikhonkwane eziyi-14, eziyi-6 zazo I-PWM.
• Izikhonkwane ze-Analog: izikhonkwane ezi-6
• Setha kabusha inkinobho ukuqala kabusha ukwenziwa kohlelo okulayishwe kwimemori.
• I-USB interface chip.
• Iwashi le-Oscillator lamasiginali adinga isigqi.
• I-Power LED ku-PCB.
• Umlawuli we-voltage ohlanganisiwe.
• Intengo ezungeze i- € 20.

Ngokuqondene ne izikhonkwane nokuxhuma iyatholakala epuletini Arduino UNO:

• Umgqomo Jack noma DC Amandla Jack: isixhumi sebhodi Arduino UNO ukuze ukwazi ukuyinika amandla kagesi. Ikhadi linikezwa amandla yi-jack efanelekile futhi nge-adaptha yokunikezela ngama-volts ama-5-20. Uma uzoxhuma inani elikhulu lezinto epuletini, kungenzeka ukuthi kuzofanele usinqobe isithiyo esingu-7v ukuze sanele.
• USB: i-USB port isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma ibhodi le-Arduino kwi-PC, ngaleyo ndlela ungayilungiselela noma uthole idatha kuyo ngokusebenzisa itheku le-serial. Lokho wukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo kuzokusiza ukuthi ulayishe imidwebo yakho ye-Arduino IDE kwimemori yangaphakathi ye-microcontroller ukuze ikwazi ukuyikhipha. Ingakwazi futhi ukufeza umsebenzi wamandla we-hob nezinto ezixhunywe kuyo.
• Iphini le-VIN: uzothola iphini le-VIN elikuvumela ukuthi unike amandla ibhodi Arduino UNO usebenzisa ukunikezwa kwamandla wangaphandle, uma ungafuni ukusebenzisa i-USB noma iJack engenhla.
• 5V: inikeza i-voltage ka-5V. Amandla azofinyelela kuwo aqhamuka kwelinye lamacala amathathu edlule lapho ungafaka khona amandla ipuleti lakho.
• 3V3: le pin ikuvumela ukuthi wondle ama-3.3v futhi ufike ku-50mA kumaphrojekthi wakho.
• I-GND: inezikhonkwane ezimbili zomhlaba, ukuxhuma umhlaba wamaphrojekthi wakho we-elektroniki kubo.
• HlelaIphini elizosethwa kabusha ngokuthumela isiginali EPHANSI ngalo.
• Imbobo yomkhiqizo: Inezikhonkwane ezimbili u-0 (RX) no-1 (TX) ukuthola nokudlulisa idatha ye-TTL ngokulandelana. Baxhunywe ku-microcontroller kuzikhonkwane zabo ze-USB-to-TTL.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle: 2 no-3, izikhonkwane ezingalungiswa ukubangela ukuphazamiseka ngomkhawulo okhuphukayo, owayo, noma inani eliphakeme noma eliphansi.
• SPI: ibhasi lisezikhonkweni ezibhalwe u-10 (SS), 11 (MISOI), no-13 (SCK) ongaxhumana ngawo usebenzisa umtapo wolwazi we-SPI.
• A0-A5: yizikhonkwane ze-analog.
• 0-13: lezi izikhonkwane zokufaka zedijithali noma zokuphuma ongazilungiselela. I-LED encane edidiyelwe ixhunywe kuphini ongu-13 okuthi uma le phini iphakeme izokhanya.
• TWI: isekelaukuxhumana I-TWI isebenzisa umtapo wezincwadi we-Wire. Ungasebenzisa i-pin A4 noma i-SDA bese uphina u-A5 noma i-SCL.
• I-AREF: i-reference voltage pint yokufaka kwe-analog.

Amadokhumenti

Ukuba ibhodi yomthombo ovulekile, hhayi kuphela uzothola i-datasheet njengoba kwenzeka kweminye imikhiqizo eminingi ye-elekthronikhi. Ungalanda futhi eminye imibhalo eminingi nemidwebo ye-elekthronikhi ezokusiza uqonde ukuthi leli bhodi lisebenza kanjani. Arduino UNO ngaphakathi futhi wakhe owakho ukuqaliswa kwe-Arduino ngokwakho. Isibonelo, unayo imininingwane elandelayo esemthethweni onayo:

• Ishidi le-data I-Atmel ATmega microcontroller Arduino UNO I-Rev3, ukukhumbula izingqinamba, imisinga, nezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele ngokusebenza kwayo.
• Phina noma ubeke imephu.
• Amafayela we-EAGLE anezikimu zabenzi.
• Imidwebo ye-elekthronikhi yebhodi Arduino UNO.
• Ubukhulu be-PCB.

Umehluko namanye amabhodi e-Arduino

Arduino UNO Isambiso3 kuyipuleti ekahle yabo bonke abaqala ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwamapuleti. Yini enye, kukhona amakhithi okuqala ukuze uqalise ngakho konke okudingayo kufakiwe. Leli thuluzi alibandakanyi kuphela inani elikhulu lezinto zikagesi ukuqala ukuzijwayeza, kepha futhi nencwajana enemininingwane eminingi ukukusiza esinyathelweni ngasinye.

Noma kunjalo, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo noma amafomethi webhodi le-Arduino ezilusizo kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphakeme noma ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi lapho usayizi ubalulekile. I- umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamapuleti Zikuluhlobo lwe-microcontroller oluhlanganisiwe, ezinye zinamandla athe xaxa futhi zinememori ethe xaxa yokufaka imidwebo noma izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nenani lezikhonkwane ezitholakalayo. Kepha uma siqhathanisa amabhodi amathathu athengisa kakhulu, umehluko ume kanjena:

• Arduino UNO Isambiso3: bheka isigaba esinezimpawu zobuchwepheshe.
• I-Arduino Mega: intengo ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwe- € 30, ngobukhulu obuthile kunepuleti le-UNO. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufaka phakathi i-ATmega2560 microcontroller enamandla kakhulu esebenza naku-16Mhz, kepha ine-256KB ye-flash memory, i-4KB ye-EEPROM, ne-8KB ye-SRAM yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezikhonkwane eziningi, ezine-digital I / O engu-54, i-15 PWM, ne-analog eyi-16.
• I-Arduino Micro: ivelele ngosayizi wayo omncane, ngokuba mncane kune-UNO, yize kunentengo efanayo. Kulesi sikhala esincane, ihlanganisa i-ATmega32U4 microcontroller encane, kepha futhi esebenza ku-16Mhz. Imemori ilingana naleyo ye-UNO, ngaphandle kwe-SRAM, ene-0.5KB ngaphezulu. Izikhonkwane nazo zikhuphukile yize zincane, nge-digital engu-20, i-7 PWM ne-analog eyi-12. Omunye umehluko ukuthi isebenzisa i-micro-USB ukuxhuma kwayo kune-USB. Ukuba mncane kakhulu akuhambisani nezihlangu noma izihlangu njengalezi ezimbili ezedlule ...

I-Arduino IDE nezinhlelo

Ukuze uhlele i-Arduino, kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo zayo, unayo i-IDE noma imvelo yentuthuko ebizwa I-Arduino IDE. Ihambisana nawo womabili ama-macOS, iWindows neLinux. Kuyindlela yamahhala futhi evulekile yomthombo ongakwazi landa kusuka kulesi sixhumanisi. Ngayo ungadala amakhodi wokuhlela i-chip ye-microcontroller ebhodini bese wenza amaphrojekthi akho asebenze.

Ipulatifomu isekelwa ngolimi lohlelo lwe-Arduino olususelwa kuzilimi ezisezingeni eliphakeme Icubungula, yona leyo efana ne-C ++ eyaziwayo. Kungakho bazoba ne-syntax efanayo nendlela yokwenza izinto.

Ungazi okuningi nge- indlela yokusebenzisa i-Arduino IDE ngezihloko ezikule bhulogi ezichaza ukuthi ungahlanganisa kanjani ingxenye ngayinye ye-elekthronikhi noma imodyuli nebhodi, noma ulande ngqo inkambo yohlelo I-Arduino IDE nge-PDF Mahhala. Ngayo uzofunda i-syntax nolimi lohlelo ukuqala ngamaphrojekthi akho ...