Iningi labasebenzisi lisetshenziselwa amalaptop, ama-AIO noma amadeskithophu. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinhlobo, ezinye zazo sezidumile, njengoba kunjalo i-SBC sibonga amaphrojekthi afana ne Ukusajingijolo Pi. Com Ziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu emhlabeni we-DIY noma phakathi kwabakhi bamaphrojekthi amaningi. Nokho, ungasho ukuthi uyini ngamunye wale miqondo? ungazi ukuthi uyini umehluko?
Lapha siqeda konke ukungabaza kwakho futhi sikutshele okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nalawa makhompyutha amancane...
Iyini i-SBC?
Una Ikhompuyutha Yebhodi Elilodwa (SBC), akuyona into engaphezu kwekhompuyutha noma ikhompuyutha ehlanganiswe ebhodini elilodwa noma i-PCB. Lawa mabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe ahlanganisa i-microprocessor, inkumbulo, izimbobo zokufaka/okuphumayo (I/O), nezinye izingxenye ezidingekayo. Ngokungafani nekhompyutha yomuntu siqu, ayincikile ekwandisweni kweminye imisebenzi, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi amanye ama-peripheral noma lawo aziwa ngokuthi ama-HAT anganezelwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokwandisa imisebenzi yawo. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ikhompyutha ingadinga ezinye izingxenye ukuze isebenze, hhayi nje ibhodi lomama, kulokhu ingasebenza njengoba injalo.
Siyabonga ukuthi sinamakhompyutha ahlangene, angasindi, futhi ashibhile esingawasebenzisa kuwo amaphrojekthi amaningi ukulawulwa kwezimboni noma ukucubungula idatha, amarobhothi, i-IoT, nokunye okuningi. Futhi, phakathi kwalawa ma-SBC aziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhi sine-Raspberry Pi, i-Beagle, nende njll.
Yini i-COM?
Un Ikhompyutha kumojuli (COM) iwuhlobo lwekhompuyutha yebhodi elilodwa (SBC), isigaba esingaphansi samasistimu ekhompyutha ashumekiwe. Le khompuyutha ephelele eyakhiwe ebhodini lesifunda elilodwa, nokho, ngokungafani ne-SBC, i-COM ngokuvamile ayinazo izixhumi ezijwayelekile ze-peripherals zokufaka/zokuphumayo ukuze zixhumeke ngqo ebhodini, okungukuthi i-COM igxile ikakhulukazi kukhompyutha, nge-CPU, RAM, I-GPU, njll. Ukwengeza, i-SBC ngokuvamile inomkhawulo ekusebenzeni, kuyilapho i-COM inokusebenza okuphezulu. Isibonelo, singathola i-COM enesizukulwane sakamuva se-AMD noma i-Intel processors, kuyilapho ama-SBC evamise ukuba nama-SoC anama-ARM cores okusebenza aphansi.
La ibhodi lokuthwala noma ibhodi le-base yilapho i-COM ifakwe khona, okungukuthi, leli puleti elikhudlwana yilo elizofaka i-COM eyodwa noma ngaphezulu efakwe endaweni yokunweba, njengalapho ufaka ikhadi lemifanekiso, noma imojuli yememori ye-RAM. Kusebhodini lenkampani yenethiwekhi lapho ibhasi eliya ezixhunyweni ezijwayelekile ze-peripheral lizoba khona. Ibhodi lomama liwumgogodla wekhompuyutha, lapho ezinye zezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu noma izingxenye zemishini yakho zitholakala.
I-COM vs SBC: Yimuphi umehluko okhona?
Kuleli qophelo ungase uzibuze ukuthi iyiphi umehluko, ngaphezu kwezinzuzo noma okubi i-COM enakho uma kuqhathaniswa ne-SBC, kuhle, sinamaphuzu alandelayo athakazelisayo:
- Ukusebenza: kuyilapho i-SBC ngokuvamile iklanyelwe ukunikeza ukusebenza okuyisisekelo okwengeziwe, ukwazi ukusebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza elula nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisisekelo (okuzenzakalelayo kwehhovisi, ukuzulazula, ukudlalwa kwe-multimedia, njll.), i-COM inokusebenza okuphezulu, okuvamise ukuqhathaniswa nalokho okuvamile. I-PC noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, ukuze ukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi osindayo.
- Intengo: i-SBC ishibhile, ngokuvamile ingabiza amashumi ambalwa ama-euro, kuyilapho i-COM ibiza kakhulu ngoba ihlanganisa izingxenye zokusebenza eziphezulu, ngakho-ke ingabiza amakhulu ama-euro kwezinye izimo.
- Ukuzijwayeza: Ukuhlukanisa ukuklanywa kwebhodi lenkampani yenethiwekhi kanye nemojula ye-COM kwenza imiqondo yokuklama ibe yi-modular kakhudlwana, ngakho-ke imojula ye-COM ingashintshwa uma yehluleka noma ingase ithathelwe indawo enye ngokusebenza okuphezulu noma okwengeziwe kusesikhathini uma uthanda. Lokhu akunjalo ku-SBC, njengoba uma ufuna isandiso uzodinga ukuthenga esisha.
- Ukwenza kube ngokwakho: I-SBC ngokuvamile inesistimu ye-I/O enomkhawulo kakhudlwana, enezimbobo ezimbalwa. I-motherboard ehambisana ne-COM ingaba nenani elikhulu lamachweba, ukwandisa amakhono futhi ixhume inqwaba yama-peripherals ahlukene.
- Ubukhulu: Nakuba imojula ye-COM ngokuvamile incane, amabhodi enkampani yenethiwekhi awancane kakhulu, anosayizi omkhulu kakhulu kune-SBC. Ngakho-ke, i-SBC ingaba usizo kumaphrojekthi lapho ubukhulu bubalulekile, nalapho ibhodi lomama elikhudlwana liyinkinga.
Eminye imiqondo efanayo
Ngaphezu kwe-SBC ne-COM, kukhona futhi eminye imiqondo efanayo Okufanele ukwazi, ukuze ungabaphambanisi:
Iyini i-SIP?
Un I-System-in-a-Package (SiP) wuhlobo lokupakisha oluhlanganisa amasekhethi amaningi ahlanganisiwe kuphakheji efanayo, lapho axhunywe khona ngaphakathi. Izingxenye ezifana nenkumbulo ye-DRAM, inkumbulo ye-flash, amaphrosesa nezinye izakhi eziyisisekelo zivame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwe-SiP, okuzenza zibe izinhlelo ezithambile.
Isikhalo se-SiP siwukuthi ingakwazi ukuhlanganisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi ibe iphakheji elula kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa ezinhlelweni lapho ubukhulu bubalulekile noma kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinhlelo ezinkulu. Nokho, azikwazi ukusebenza ngokwazo, ngoba Bazodinga i-PCB ngezimbobo ze-I/O ezidingekayo.
Isibonelo se-SiP ngu I-STMicroelectronics ST53G, ehlanganisa i-microcontroller kanye nesikhulisi se-RF sokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokukhokha ngaphandle kokuthinta kumadivayisi amancane, njengamadivayisi e-IoT, okugqokekayo, njll.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-COM ne-SBC, i-SiP inikeza ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwezingxenye kuphakheji eyodwa, okungaholela ekugxilweni okuncane nokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-COM noma i-SBC, i-SiP ingaba nzima kakhulu ukwenza ngokwezifiso noma ukuthuthukisa, njengoba zonke izingxenye zayo zihlanganiswe kuphakheji elilodwa, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuvame ukuphansi.
Yini i-SOM?
Un I-System-on-Module (SoM) Kuyibhodi le-elekthronikhi elihlanganisa izingxenye ezibalulekile, njenge-System-on-Chip (SoC), isitoreji, izinti, amadivaysi okufaka/okukhiphayo, phakathi kokunye. Ngokuyinhloko ikhompyutha ephelele, ene-I/O, kodwa ngosayizi omncane kakhulu, okufanele ihlanganiswe kumadivayisi ahlukene, kusukela kumarobhothi kuya ezintweni zasendlini, kuhlanganise nezinye izimboni noma izisetshenziswa ezishumekiwe.
Abanye abakhiqizi abebesebenzisa la ma-SoM emikhiqizweni yabo basukela ku-DEC engasekho kanye ne-Sun Microsystems, kuya ku-Motorola, IBM, Xerox, njll.
Yini i-MCU?
Un i-microcontroller (i-MCU noma i-MicroController Unit) Kuyisifunda esincane esihlanganisiwe esiqukethe ikhompuyutha ngaphakathi. Nakuba i-CPU iyiyunithi yokucubungula kuphela futhi idinga amabhasi, i-I/O nenkumbulo, i-MCU inakho konke ngaphakathi kwe-chip efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idlula i-CPU, njengoba ihlanganisa i-CPU, inkumbulo, kanye ne-I/O. Ama-MCU awubuchopho bemishini eminingi esiyisebenzisa ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, kusukela kulawo onawo ekhaya, ezimotweni zakho, kuya emishinini yezimboni. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zingahluka kakhulu, kusukela ekulawuleni amazinga okushisa noma amanye amapharamitha ngokusebenzisa izinzwa, ukukhiqiza uhlobo oluthile lokuphumayo kuye ngesimo sokufakwayo ukuze kwenziwe izenzo, njll. Isibonelo ozokwazi eduze kakhulu ibhodi le-Arduino, elihlanganisa ne-MCU.
Iyini i-SoC?
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a I-System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Kuyisifunda esididiyelwe esihlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene zesistimu yekhompiyutha sibe yi-chip eyodwa, futhi ngokuvamile esidlulela ngalé kwezakhi ze-MCU, ngaphezu kokuklanywa ukuba ngokuvamile sibe nokusebenza okuphezulu, njengoba ama-MCU enzelwe amaphrojekthi alinganiselwe, kuyilapho. Ama-SoC angaba inhliziyo yamakhompyutha anamandla noma amadivaysi eselula.
Lezi zingxenye ngokuvamile faka amayunithi okucubungula (i-CPU, i-GPU, i-DSP, i-NPU,…), inkumbulo, izilawuli ze-peripheral, izixhumanisi zokuxhumana nezinye izakhi okudingekayo ekusebenzeni kwesistimu ephelele. Ezinye izibonelo ze-SoC zingasuka ku-Broadcom esebenzisa i-Raspberry Pi, kuya ku-Samsung Exynos, i-Qualcomm Snapdragon, ne-Mediatek Helios/Dimensity yamadivayisi eselula, ngokusebenzisa ezinamandla kakhulu afana nalawo avela ku-AMD ama-consoles wegeyimu yevidiyo, i-Apple M- Uchungechunge, njll.
I-Las Umehluko phakathi kwe-MCU ne-SoC ikakhulukazi enkingeni yabo futhi ezingxenyeni ezakhayo, nakuba, futhi, njengakuyo yonke le mibono, kungase kudideke ngandlela-thile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuhlukanisa.
Kungase futhi kube nezinye izindlela zokuhlanganisa ikhompuyutha ephelele njenge-PoP (Iphakheji Kuphakheji), i-MCM (I-Multi-Chip Module) noma ama-chiplets, ngokupakishwa kwe-3D, i-SOW (System on Wafer), nge-FPGA, njll. Kodwa-ke, okuvame kakhulu kumaphrojekthi we-elekthronikhi yilawa angenhla.