Inzwa ye-turbidity: ukuthi iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani

Kule bhulogi, sihlanganise izingxenye eziningi zikagesi zamaphrojekthi e-DIY. Ezinye zihlobene namanzi, njengama-valve, amamitha okugeleza, amaphampu, njll. Kodwa-ke, abenzi bangase badinge okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengenzwa yokushintshashintsha komswakama.

Ngenxa yalolu hlobo lwenzwa, kungenzeka ukukala ukujiya koketshezi , njengamanzi, noma kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi njengoba sizobona kamuva…

I-turbidity yoketshezi

Ukukhukhumala kuyisilinganiso sokusabalala kokukhanya okubangelwa yizinhlayiya ezilengayo oketshezini. Kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi kuya ekukhiqizweni kokudla neziphuzo. Isibonelo, ukukala ukukhukhumala noma izinhlayiya ezilengayo ezikhona emanzini kunganquma ubumsulwa bawo noma ukuthi angcoliswe yizinto eziqinile zanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Kungasetshenziswa futhi ukuqapha izinqubo zezimboni ezihilela ukuxubana kwamakhemikhali oketshezi, ukubiliswa kobhiya nezinye iziphuzo, ukuhlaliswa kwezinhlayiya noma ukwehla, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-flocculant. Kungaba wusizo futhi ocwaningweni lwezemvelo, ukuqapha amanzi amachibi, imifula, izilwandle, ngisho namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa kuhlukahlukene kakhulu, njengoba sizobona kamuva.

Iyini inzwa ye-turbidity?

Izinzwa ze-turbidity, noma amamitha e-turbidity , ngamadivayisi aklanyelwe ukulinganisa lesi sici. Ziye zathuthuka kakhulu, zinikeza ukunemba nokuthembeka okwandayo. Ungazithola ngefomethi enkulu, ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zamanzi okuphuza ngokuhlunga kwe-reverse osmosis, kanye nakwezinye izinqubo zezimboni ezilawulwa yisofthiwe ye-SCADA, kanye nezinzwa ze-turbidity ezincane zamaphrojekthi e-DIY. Uma ungumenzi, kufanele wazi ukuthi ezinye zitholakala ngefomethi yemojuli, ukuze ukwazi ukuzifaka kalula kumaphrojekthi akho, njengamanye amamojuli amaningi e-Arduino.

Ukulinganiswa njalo kwezinzwa zokungcola kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okunembile, njengoba kunjalo nangokuhlanzwa ngokuphelele kweseli lokulinganisa noma i-detector. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke amashidi edatha emodeli oyikhethile, njengoba amazinga okungcola aqinisekisiwe asetshenziswa ukusungula ijika lokulinganisa. Ukwehluleka ukulinganisa kahle ngeke nje kunciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwenzwa kodwa futhi kuholele ekulinganisweni okungalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngohlobo loketshezi oluvivinywayo, ukulinganiswa okungafanele kungabangela eminye imonakalo ku-sensor, njengokugqwala uma kwenzeka uketshezi olune-asidi, ukunqwabelana kwe-limescale emanzini aqinile, ukwakheka kwe-algae, nokuningi.

Khumbula ukuthi kunezinye izici ezingathinta nokulinganisa , noma ngabe inzwa inakekelwe kahle:

• Ubude begagasi obukhanyayo: Ukukhethwa kwe-wavelength kuthonya ukuzwela kwenzwa kumasayizi wezinhlayiyana ezihlukene.
• Ángulo detección: I-engeli lapho ukukhanya okuhlakaziwe kukalwa khona inquma ububanzi bosayizi bezinhlayiyana ezingatholwa.
• Ukulinganisa okubalulekile kweseli: Kumele ibe sobala futhi imelane namakhemikhali ukuze ihlaziywe.
• Ukushisa: ingathinta ukuminyana kwezinhlayiyana futhi ngenxa yalokho i-turbidity.
• Umbala wesampula: Amasampuli anombala angase aphazamise ukukalwa kwe-turbidity.
• Ukunemba kwezinzwa nokubekezelelana: Kungaba namamodeli ahlukene anembayo nokubekezelelana okuhlukene, futhi lokhu kubalulekile uma ukhetha okulungile. Kuzoba khona nezinye ezinemikhawulo kusayizi wezinhlayiya ezitholakalayo.

Ukusebenza kwe-turbidimeter

Inzwa yokushintshashintsha ngokuyisisekelo iyithuluzi elibonakalayo elilinganisa ubukhali bokukhanya okuhlakazekile yizinhlayiya kuketshezi. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sisekelwe emthethweni kaRayleigh , othi ubukhali bokukhanya okuhlakazekile bulingana namandla wesine obubanzi bezinhlayiya kanye nesikwele sobude be-wavelength bokukhanya okwenzekile.

Ngakho-ke, inzwa ye-turbidity izoba nezingxenye ezibalulekile, njenge:

• Umthombo wokukhanya: Ngokuvamile isibani se-halogen, i-LED noma i-laser, ikhipha ukukhanya kobude obuthile ngesampula.
• Umtshini: I-photodetector (i-photodiode, i-photomultiplier) ikala ukushuba kokukhanya okuhlakazekile nge-engeli ethile.
• Iseli lokulinganisa- Iqukethe isampula futhi inikeza indlela echaziwe yokubona ukukhanya.
• Ezogesi: Bacubungula isignali yomtshina futhi bayiguqule ibe ukufundwa kwe-turbidity.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamamitha okushintshashintsha singathola izindlela eziningana zokulinganisa ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlayiya ezilengayo:

• I-Nephelometry: ikala ukukhanya okuhlakazekile nge-engeli engama-degree angu-90 ukuya ensikeni yesigameko. Kuyindlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokukala i-turbidity ephansi futhi emaphakathi.
• Ukudluliswa: Kulokhu kusekelwe esilinganisweni sokukhanya esidlula kusampula. Isetshenziselwa ukukala i-turbidity ephezulu.
• ukumunca: igxile ekucaciseni ukukhanya okumuncwe yizinhlayiya. Isetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile lapho ukuhlakazeka kuncane.

Ngaphezu kokukhumbula konke lokhu, hlola futhi ama-voltage, ukusetshenziswa, ukushuba komsebenzi, amazinga okushisa okusebenza, noma ukuhambisana nephrojekthi yakho...

Ungathenga kuphi nezintengo zenzwa ye-turbidity

Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.

Ungathola izinzwa zokungcola ngamanani amahle kumapulatifomu amaningi kagesi, kanye nakumasayithi afana ne-AliExpress noma i-Amazon . Lawa masayithi anikeza amanani angabizi kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zamamodeli ukuze avumelane nezidingo zakho. Nazi izincomo ezimbalwa: amafomethi amabili anamamojula asekelwe kumphumela we-Tyndall, kanye nemitha yezinga lezimboni esetshenziselwa ukukala ikhwalithi yamanzi kumaphrojekthi athuthukile, njengezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka, izitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi okuphuza, njll.

Izicelo ezingokoqobo

Usuvele wazi ezinye zezindlela zokusebenzisa noma zokusebenzisa inzwa yokushintshashintsha komoya, njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili embhalweni. Kodwa-ke, nansi uhlu lwezinye zezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu zokusebenzisa ugqozi kumaphrojekthi akho esikhathi esizayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwamanzi: ukuqapha izinga lamanzi okuphuza, amanzi angcolile kanye namanzi okucubungula. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe amaphrojekthi emvelo, ukulinganisa izinga lamanzi emifuleni, amachibi, amachibi, olwandle, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, njll. Ungayisebenzisa ngisho nasekhaya uma uzofaka uhlelo lokuhlanza ukuze uphinde usebenzise amanzi ampunga ukuze unisele izitshalo, izitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini, njll.
• Imboni yokudla neziphuzo: ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo efana namajusi, ubhiya namawayini. Iziphuzo ezidakayo nezisahluziwe zingase zibe lula kulolu hlobo lwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqapha nokulawula le mingcele ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
• Ezemithi: Lo mkhakha ungase futhi udinge izinzwa ze-turbidity ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ejovayo nezisombululo zamehlo, kanye nama-serum, amasyrups, njll.
• I-Chemistry: Yiqiniso, enye inketho ukuqapha izinqubo zokuhlunga nokuhlukanisa, izingxube zamakhemikhali nokunye.

Isibonelo esisebenzayo sokusebenzisa imitha ye-turbidity

Isibonelo, uma sisebenzisa njengesisekelo esisodwa se Izinzwa zohlobo lwemojuli ye-turbidity ezisekelwe kumphumela we-Tyndall, ezisekelwe ekuhlakazweni kokukhanya okuvezwa oketshezini ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, zizokhiqiza izilinganiso zevelu eyodwa noma enye kuye ngenani lezinhlayiya ezikhona. Lolu hlobo lwemojuli lusebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi luhlanganisa ngokuphelele ne Arduino UNO, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ubhale abadwebi ku-Arduino IDE ukuze ulawuleke kalula.

Kulesi simo, sinebanga lokuthola eliphakathi kuka-0% no-3.5% ( 0 no-4550 NTU noma ama-Nephelometric Turbidity Units ), elinokubekezelela okungu-±0.5%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, linikeza izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza, okuvumela kokubili ukuphuma kwe-analog kanye nedijithali. Kumodi ye-analog (isikhundla sokushintsha A), i-turbidity ibalwa ngokulinganisa izinga le-voltage ekuphumeni kwenzwa, kuyilapho kumodi yedijithali (isikhundla sokushintsha D), ilinganiswa ngedijithali kusetshenziswa ikhodi ye-binary eshintsha phakathi kwamanani amabili.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sibheka ishidi ledatha lale sensor ye-turbidity , sibona ukuthi imodeli inezincazelo zobuchwepheshe ezilandelayo:

• Amandla kagesi: 5V DC
• Ukusetshenziswa: 11mA cishe
• Ibanga lokutholwa: 0% kuya -3.5% (0-4550 NTU)
• I-Temperatura de trabajoUkushisa: -30 ℃ kanye no-80 ℃
• I-Temperatura de almacenamientoUkushisa: -10 ℃ futhi 80 ℃
• Ukubekezelela noma umkhawulo wephutha: ± 0.5%

Ishidi ledatha liphinde libonise ama-curve noma amagrafu ahlobanisa i-turbidity elinganisiwe ne-voltage ekhiqizwa ekuphumeni kwenzwa, kanye ne -pinout ezosisiza ukuxhuma i-module ebhodini lethu le-Arduino ngendlela efanele:

Uzobona nama-LED amabili: elinye libonisa ukuthi lisebenza njenge-PWR, kanti elinye libonisa i-Dout, noma i-data output. Manje, uma sesixhuma i-module ebhodini lethu le-Arduino—okulula njengokuxhuma i-VIN ku-5V kanye ne-GND ku-GND ebhodini lethu—bese i-S ixhuma lapho sifuna ukukala khona isignali, njenge-A0 ye-analog, noma i-D13 yezilinganiso zedijithali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sibonelo, ungasebenzisa i-LED exhunywe ku-digital output ukuze ulinganise…

Uma usuqedile, amakhodi okudingeka uwabhale ku-IDE ye-Arduino alandelayo:

• Ukucushwa kwedijithali:

/* Prueba del sensor de turbidez en modo D */
#define Turbidy_sensor 2 //Pin digital 2

const int ledPin = 13; //LED asociado al 13

void setup() {
   pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //Configuramos pin 13 como salida
   pinMode(Turbidy_sensor, INPUT); //Configuramos el pin del sensor de turbidez como entrada
}
void loop() {
   if(digitalRead(Turbidy_sensor)==LOW){ //Lectura de la señal del sensor
   digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //Si el sensor indica nivel bajo (LOW) encendemos el LED, es decir, agua más pura
}
else{
   digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //Si el sensor indica nivel alto (HIGH) apagamos el LED, es decir, agua sucia o turbia
}
}

• Ukucushwa kwe-analogi:

/* Prueba del sensor de turbidez modo A*/

#define Turbidy_sensor A0   

int TurbidySensorValue = 0;  

float Tension = 0.0;  

void setup() {     //Monitorización por el puerto serial para ver valores en pantalla
  Serial.begin(9600); // Velocidad de comunicación  
  Serial.println("Prueba de lectura del sensor de turbidez");  
  Serial.println("========================================");  
  Serial.println(" ");  
  Serial.println("Lectura analógica\tTension");   
  Serial.println("-----------------\t-------");  
}  
void loop() {  
  TurbidySensorValue = analogRead(Turbidy_sensor); // Lectura del pin analógico 0  
  Tension = TurbidySensorValue * (5.0 / 1024.0); // Mapeo de la lectura analógica  

  //Envio de valores y textos al terminal serie  
  Serial.print(TurbidySensorValue);   
  Serial.print("\t\t\t");  
  Serial.print(Tensión);  
  Serial.println(" V");  
  delay(3000);  
}  

• Uma ufuna ukulinganisa ngamayunithi e-NTU ngemodi ye-analog, sebenzisa:

/* Prueba del sensor de turbidez en modo A y mediciones en NTU */  

#define Turbidy_sensor A0  
 
float Tension = 0.0;  
float NTU = 0.0;  
void setup() {    //Medición a través del monitor serie
  Serial.begin(9600); // Velocidad de comunicación  
  Serial.println("Lectura del sensor de turbidez en NTUs");  
  Serial.println("===================================================================================");  
  Serial.println(" ");  
  Serial.println("Tensión\tNTU");   
  Serial.println("-------\t---");  
}  
void loop() {  
  Tension = 0;  
  Tension = analogRead(Turbidy_sensor)/1024*5; // Mapeo de la lectura analógica  
  //Para compensar el ruido producido en el sensor tomamos 500 muestras y obtenemos la media  
  for(int i=0; i<500; i++)  
    {  
      Tension += ((float)analogRead(Turbidy_sensor)/1024)*5;  
    }  
    Tension = Tension/500;  
    Tension = redondeo(Tension,1);  
    //Para ajustarnos a la gráfica de la derecha  
    if(Tension < 2.5){  
      NTU = 3000;  
    }else{  
      NTU = -1120.4*square(Tension)+5742.3*Tension-4352.9;   
    }  
  //Envio de valores y textos al terminal serie  
  Serial.print(Tension);  
  Serial.print(" V");  
  Serial.print("\t");  
  Serial.print(NTU);  
  Serial.println(" NTU");  
  delay(5000);  
}  

float redondeo(float p_entera, int p_decimal)  
{  
  float multiplicador = powf( 10.0f, p_decimal);  //redondeo a 2 decimales  
  p_entera = roundf(p_entera * multiplicador) / multiplicador;  
  return p_entera;  
}  

Khumbula ukuthi ungakwazi njalo ukulungisa ikhodi ukuze ivumelane namaphrojekthi akho, lezi izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kuphela...