Uma sikhuluma ngamakhompyutha nobuchwepheshe, sivame ukugxila ezinhlelweni, ezinhlelweni zokusebenza, noma ohlelweni lokusebenza, kodwa ezinye izici sizishiya ngemuva. Izingxenye ze-PTH kanye ne-SMD okwenza konke kwenzekeUma wake wazibuza ukuthi yini ngempela engaphakathi kwi-PC yakho, i-laptop, noma ngisho nefoni yakho ephathekayo, ufike endaweni efanele: sizohlaziya ngokuthula ukuthi iyini i-hardware nokuthi ihlelwe kanjani.
Ngaphezu kokubukeza uhlu olujwayelekile lwezingxenye zekhompyutha, sizoxhumanisa lolo lwazi nezici ezithuthuke kakhulu: izizukulwane zehadiwe, ukwakheka kwamakhompyutha, izinhlobo zememori, amabhasi, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, ihadiwe yenethiwekhi, ukugcinwa, kanye nemibandela yokukhetha izingxenyeUmqondo uwukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usaqala noma usuvele unolwazi oluthile, uzoqeda lesi sihloko ngokubuka konke okuphelele kwezingxenye zehadiwe nokuthi zihlangana kanjani.
Iyini i-hardware futhi ihluke kanjani ku-software?
Ekubaleni, sibiza ihadiwe konke okubonakalayo nokuphathekayo okwakha ingxenye yesistimu ye-elekthronikhiKusukela kubhodi lomama le-PC kuya ku-router, iphrinta, noma ngisho ne-microprocessor ku-smartphone, lezi yizingxenye ongazibona, uzithinte, futhi uzizwe (njengabalandeli).
Isofthiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyingxenye enengqondo: izinhlelo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, isistimu yokusebenza, abashayeli kanye nedathaIsofthiwe inikeza imiyalelo futhi ihadiwe iyayisebenzisa. Indlela evamile yokuchaza lokhu ukucabanga ngehadiwe "njengomzimba" kanye nesofthiwe "njengobuchopho"... yize, empeleni, "ubuchopho" bangempela obungokoqobo yi-CPU.
Ngaphandle kwehadiwe, isofthiwe ibingeke ibe nendawo yokusebenza; ngaphandle kwesofthiwe, ihadiwe ibiyoba yinqwaba yezingxenye ezingasebenzi. Kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha yesimanje, sithola inhlanganisela ihadiwe eyinhloko (ebalulekile ukuze imishini isebenze) kanye nehadiwe ehambisanayo (izingxenye ezingaphandle kanye nokwandiswa okwengeza imisebenzi eyengeziwe).
Ukuvela kanye nezizukulwane zehadiwe
Ihadiwe ayikaze ibe njengoba injalo namuhla; idlule ezizukulwaneni eziningana eziphawulwe yi ukuthuthuka okucacile kwezobuchwepheshe kuma-elekthronikhi angaphakathiUkuqonda lokhu kuthuthuka kusisiza siqonde ukuthi kungani manje sinemishini enamandla kangaka, emincane, futhi esebenza kahle.
Kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isizukulwane sokuqala (cishe ngo-1940-1956), amakhompyutha asetshenziswa amashubhu angenaluthoKwakuyimishini emikhulu, ehamba kancane eyayidla amandla amaningi futhi ikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu. Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu emalabhorethri, emanyuvesi, kanye nasemisebenzini yezempi.
Isizukulwane sesibili (1956-1963) sashintsha amapayipi nge ama-transistorsAmakhompyutha aba mancane, ashesha, futhi athembeke kakhulu, kwavela izilimi zokuqala zokuhlela kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Umqondo wahlala ufana, kodwa ukusetshenziswa ngokomzimba kwashintsha ngokuphelele.
Ngesizukulwane sesithathu (kusukela ngo-1964) kwafika amasekethe noma ama-chip ahlanganisiweokwavumela ama-transistors amaningi ukuthi ahlanganiswe ne-chip eyodwa ye-silicon. Lokhu kwandise kakhulu amandla, kunciphisa izindleko nosayizi, futhi kwabeka isisekelo samakhompyutha njengoba siwazi namuhla.
Ukubonakala kwe- i-microprocessor (njenge-Intel 4004 ngo-1971) ivame ukubhekwa ngababhali abaningi njengesiqalo sesizukulwane sesine: i-CPU ephelele ehlanganiswe ne-chip eyodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasekethe okuhlanganiswa okukhulu kakhulu (i-VLSI), anezigidi zama-transistors, athandwa kakhulu, avula umnyango wama-PC asekhaya, ama-laptop, kanye nama-smartphone kamuva.
Namuhla, esikhundleni sokwanda okusheshayo, sibhekene nokuguquka okuqhubekayo: njalo eminyakeni embalwa, ubuningi bokuhlanganiswa, isivinini, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuyathuthuka, kanye nobuchwepheshe obufana no Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa, ubuqiniso obubonakalayo, i-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT) noma izinhlelo eziku-chip eyodwa (i-SoC), ezihlanganisa i-CPU, i-GPU, abalawuli bememori, i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth nokuningi kwisekethe eyodwa.
Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yamakhompyutha: izakhi ezibalulekile
Uma senza ikhompyutha ibe lula emisebenzini yayo eyisisekelo, sihlala sithola amabhlogo afanayo: okokufaka, ukucubungula, inkumbulo, okukhiphayo, kanye nesitorejiUkwakheka kwamakhompyutha okudala kwakhiwe ngale ndlela.
Phakathi nendawo kukhona I-Central Processing Unit (CPU)Iprosesa isebenzisa imiyalelo futhi yenza imisebenzi yezibalo kanye neyokucabanga. Kuzungezile kuhlelwe inkumbulo eyinhloko (i-RAM), inkumbulo yokusiza (amadiski e-HDD, ama-SSD, amatheyiphu, njll.), amadivayisi okufaka (ikhibhodi, igundane, iskena…), amadivayisi okukhipha (imonitha, iphrinta, izikhulumi), kanye nezingxenye ezixubile (amadiski, amakhadi enethiwekhi, izikrini zokuthinta…).
Iningi lezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezenza lolu hlelo luphile zifakwe ku- ibhodi lomama noma ibhodi elikhulu, ibhodi lesifunda elikhulu eliphrintiwe eligcina i-chipset, iprosesa kanye nama-socket e-RAM, amabhasi edatha, izikhala zokunweba, kanye nezixhumi eziningi ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezilawuli.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusebenza okwengeziwe kuye kwahlanganiswa ngqo kubhodi lomama noma ngisho neprosesa uqobo (ihluzo ezihlanganisiwe, izilawuli zememori, amamojula okuxhumana).Isistimu ku-Chip (SoC)Bathatha lokhu ngokweqile, into evame kakhulu kumaselula, amaphilisi, amadivayisi e-IoT, kanye nama-miniPC afana nalawa I-Khadas VIM2.
Izingxenye zehadiwe zangaphakathi eziyinhloko
Ngaphakathi kombhoshongo (noma ishasi yekhompyutha ephathekayo) sithola uchungechunge lwezingxenye lapho ikhompyutha ingeke iqale khona. Ake sibukeze izingxenye zehadiwe ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nendima yazo ohlelweni.
motherboard noma motherboard
I-motherboard yiyona indawo yokuhlangana yazo zonke izingxenye. Kuyinto isifunda ephrintiwe Usayizi omkhulu lapho kufakwa khona i-chipset, amasokhethi e-CPU kanye ne-RAM, izikhala zokunwebeka (i-PCIe, i-M.2…), izixhumi ze-SATA, amachweba angemuva (i-USB, i-HDMI, umsindo, inethiwekhi, njll.) kanye nezixhumi zangaphakathi zabalandeli, iphaneli engaphambili, njll..
Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngoxhumano olungokoqobo, ukusabalalisa amandla kagesi, phatha ukuxhumana kwedatha, isikhathi kanye nezimpawu zokuvumelanisa futhi uqaphe amapharamitha athile (amazinga okushisa, ama-voltage, isivinini sabalandeli, njll.). Ikhwalithi ye-chipset kanye nomklamo webhodi lomama kunquma ukusebenza okuphelele kanye namathuba okunwetshwa.
Epuletini uqobo sithola futhi izinombolo ezilandelanayo, amalebula, kanye nezibuyekezo Le mininingwane ikuvumela ukuthi ubone imodeli eqondile, usuku lokukhiqiza, noma inguqulo yomkhiqizo. Lolu lwazi luwusizo kakhulu ekutholeni abashayeli nama-BIOS afanele, noma ekuhloleni ukuhambisana.
I-Microprocessor noma i-CPU
I-microprocessor, noma i-CPU, "ubuchopho" bangempela bekhompyutha: Ichaza futhi isebenzise imiyalelo yohlelo, yenza izibalo, futhi ixhumanise ezinye izingxenye.Ngaphakathi, iqukethe amabhlogo amabili ayinhloko: i-Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), enesibopho sokusebenza ngezinombolo ezimbili kanye nemisebenzi enengqondo, kanye ne-Control Unit, enquma ukulandelana kwemiyalelo kanye nokuthi idatha igeleza kuphi ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Amapharamitha amabili abaluleke kakhulu e-CPU yilawa inani lamabhithi angaphakathi esebenza nawo ngokufana (i-bandwidth yangaphakathi: kulezi zinsuku, cishe bonke abaprosesa babathengi bangama-64-bit) kanye nemvamisa yewashi, elinganiswa ku-Hz, MHz noma ku-GHz, okubonisa ukuthi iprosesa ingenza imijikelezo emingaki ngomzuzwana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CPU ixhumana nalo lonke uhlelo ngokusebenzisa ibhasi ledathaUma i-bandwidth yayo inkulu (inani lama-bits engawadlulisa ngesikhathi esisodwa) futhi imvamisa yayo iphakeme, kulapho ukudluliselwa okusheshayo phakathi kweprosesa, imemori, namanye amadivayisi. Empeleni, ukusebenza kokugcina kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwazo zonke lezi zici: ukwakheka, imvamisa, inani lama-core, i-cache, kanye nesivinini sebhasi.
Amaprosesa esimanje afakwe kusokhethi ethile yebhodi lomama futhi adinga uhlelo oluhle lokupholisa: isinki yokushisa kanye nefeniFuthi ezimweni eziningi, i-thermal paste yekhwalithi ephezulu noma ngisho nokupholisa uketshezi. I-CPU yesimanje ingadla ama-40-130 W noma ngaphezulu, okuguqulwa ngqo kube ukushisa.
Imemori eyinhloko: i-RAM
I-RAM (Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe) iyi-RAM Imemori yokusebenza ye-CPUYilapho kulayishwa khona uhlelo lokusebenza nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo, kanye nedatha esetshenziswayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kuyimemori eguquguqukayo: lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe, okuqukethwe kwayo kuyalahleka.
I-RAM yesimanje inikezwa ngesimo samamojula (ama-DIMM ama-desktop, ama-SO-DIMM ama-laptop) afakwa ezikhaleni kubhodi lomama. Ngaphakathi, ngokuvamile kuyimemori ye-DRAM (eguquguqukayo), ehlelwe ngamaqoqo amaseli alula kakhulu (i-transistor eyodwa kanye ne-capacitor eyodwa nge-bit), okudingeka "ivuselelwe" njalo ukuze igcine ulwazi.
Kunezizukulwane eziningana zenkumbulo: I-SDR SDRAM, i-DDR, i-DDR2, i-DDR3, i-DDR4 kanye ne-DDR5Ngayinye inikeza ukuthuthukiswa kwesivinini, izinga lokudlulisa, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Imemori yamanje ye-DDR ingadlulisa idatha kuma-gigatransfer amaningana ngomzuzwana futhi isebenza ngama-bandwidth amakhulu, okubalulekile ekunikezeni amandla ama-CPU nama-GPU anamuhla.
Ngaphandle kwe-DRAM evamile, kunezinye izinhlobo ze-RAM ezinokusetshenziswa okuthile: SRAM (kuyashesha, akudingi ukuvuselelwa, kusetshenziswa kuma-cache), I-NVRAM (ayiguquguquki, igcina idatha ngaphandle kwamandla, ivame kakhulu kwimemori ye-flash, amadrayivu e-USB, njll.) noma I-VRAM, esetshenziswa kumakhadi ehluzo ukugcina ukwakheka nolwazi lwesikrini.
Imemori ye-ROM, i-BIOS kanye nebhethri lebhodi lomama
Eceleni kwe-RAM, kukhona enye inkumbulo eyisisekelo: i-ROM (Inkumbulo Yokufunda Kuphela), eyayigcina ulwazi ekuqaleni. idatha yokufunda kuphela edingekayo ukuze kuqalwe uhlelo kanye nokucushwa okuyisisekeloNamuhla, kusetshenziswa uhlobo oluphinde luhlelwe kabusha olwaziwa ngokuthi i-BIOS noma, ezinguqulweni zesimanje, i-UEFI.
I-BIOS/UEFI uhlelo oluncane olugcinwe ku-chip kubhodi lomama olusebenza ngokushesha nje lapho ikhompyutha ivuliwe. Lunesibopho sokwenza lokhu Qala futhi uhlole izingxenye, uthole amadiski, ulungiselele amapharamitha asezingeni eliphansi, bese ulawula uhlelo lokusebenza ngesandla.Ingxenye yokucushwa kwayo igcinwa ngenxa yebhethri elincane ebhodini; lapho lelo bhethri liphela, izilungiselelo ezifana nosuku, isikhathi, noma amapharamitha athile okuqalisa ziyalahleka.
Imemori ye-cache kanye nememori ebonakalayo
imemori ye-cache iyi- i-RAM yesivinini esikhulu kakhulu ehlanganiswe neprosesa (futhi kwezinye izimo isondele kakhulu kuyo) egcina idatha nemiyalelo esetshenziswa yi-CPU njalo. Inhloso yayo ukunciphisa isikhathi esithathwa yiprosesa ukuthola lokho ekudingayo, igweme ukufinyelela njalo ku-RAM, okuyinto ehamba kancane kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile ihlelwe ngamazinga amaningana: I-cache ye-L1 (esheshayo kakhulu futhi encane, ngomongo ngamunye), i-cache ye-L2 (enkulu kancane futhi ehamba kancane) kanye ne-cache ye-L3 (enkulu nakakhulu futhi eyabelwana phakathi kwama-cores)Iprosesa iqala ifune i-cache ye-L1, bese kuba yi-L2, bese kuba yi-L3, futhi uma ingakutholi okudingayo, ifinyelela i-RAM. Uma iprosesa inayo i-cache eningi (futhi iphathwa kangcono), izoba ngcono kakhulu emisebenzini eminingi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkumbulo ebonakalayo iyindlela yokusebenza yesistimu yokusebenza lapho Isebenzisa ingxenye ye-hard drive noma i-SSD njengokwandiswa kwe-RAM.Uma imemori ebonakalayo iphela, uhlelo luhambisa idatha engasetshenziswa kaningi kudiski ukuze kukhululwe i-RAM. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlelo eziningi ukuthi zivulwe, kodwa uma imemori ebonakalayo isetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukusebenza kwehla kakhulu ngoba idiski ihamba kancane kakhulu kune-RAM.
Isitoreji esikhulu: ama-hard drive e-HDD, ama-SSD, nokuningi
Ukugcinwa kwenqwaba kunesibopho salokhu londoloza idatha unomphela noma unomphelaUhlelo lokusebenza, izinhlelo, amadokhumenti, izithombe, amavidiyo, ama-backups, njll. Ngokwesiko, le ndima idlalwe yi-mechanical hard drive (HDD), yize kulezi zinsuku incintisana (futhi ezimweni eziningi isuswa) ngama-solid state drive (SSD).
I-hard disk drive (i-HDD) igcina ulwazi kuma-platter amaningana amagnetic ajikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu (inani elijwayelekile le-7200 rpm namuhla) futhi afundwa ngamakhanda okufunda/ukubhala anembile kakhulu. Ubuso be-platter ngayinye buhlelwe ngamathrekhi, imikhakha, namaqoqo; lokhu kokugcina kuyizingxenye ezincane kakhulu zokwabiwa. Umthamo (ku-GB noma ku-TB) kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza Lezi yizici ezimbili ezibalulekile lapho ukhetha i-hard drive.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-SSD drive asetshenziswa imemori ye-flash ngaphandle kwezingxenye zemishiniLokhu kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokufinyelela futhi kwandisa isivinini sokufunda nokubhala. Zimelana kakhulu nokushaqeka nokudlidliza, kodwa ngokuvamile zibiza kakhulu nge-gigabyte ngayinye kune-HDD. Empeleni, kuvamile kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-SSD ohlelweni lokusebenza nezinhlelo kanye ne-HDD enamandla aphezulu yedatha.
Ezindaweni zobungcweti sithola namadiski Izixazululo ezisekelwe ku-SAS noma ku-NVMe nge-PCIengama-bandwidth amakhulu nakakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singangeza ezinye imidiya yokugcina kuhlu: ama-optical drive (i-CD, i-DVD, i-Blu-ray), amatheyiphu kazibuthe okugcina ama-backups, ama-USB flash drive, amakhadi ememori, njll.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla
Ugesi unesibopho sokwenza lokhu guqula ugesi oshintshashintshayo ovela kugridi (230 V eSpain) ube ugesi oqondile ozinzile (+3,3V, +5V, +12V, njll.) ezingase zisetshenziswe yizingxenye zekhompyutha. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okungekuhle kungabangela ukuphahlazeka, ukungazinzi, noma ngisho nokulimaza imishini.
Lapho sikhetha ifonti, sidinga ukubheka amandla aphelele (ama-watt), ikhwalithi yomklamo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla (80 PLUS nokunye okufanayo) kanye nenani kanye nohlobo lwezixhumi ezitholakalayo (ze-CPU, i-motherboard, i-GPU, ama-hard drive, njll.). Izinhlelo ezinamandla kakhulu, ezinamakhadi ehluzo amaningi noma ama-hard drive amaningi, zidinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu kunekhompyutha yehhovisi eyisisekelo.
Izinhlelo ze-chassis kanye nokupholisa
Ishasi noma ibhokisi akuyona nje "into yokusonga": yi- ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo lapho zonke izingxenye zifakwa khona futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ku- ukungena komoya wesistimuI-chassis enkulu ivame ukunikeza izindawo eziningi zokushayela, isikhala esengeziwe samakhadi okunweba, kanye nokuhamba komoya okungcono, kanye nokwenza ukuphathwa kokuhlanganiswa kanye nekhebula kube lula.
Ukuze sigcine konke kusebenza emazingeni okushisa afanele, sidinga izinhlelo ezinhle zokupholisa: Ama-heatsink angasebenzi (amabhlogo ensimbi anamaphiko), amafeni omoya, futhi, ezinhlelweni ezidinga kakhulu, ukupholisa okuvalekile noma okwenziwe ngokwezifiso koketshezi.Ukungena kahle komoya kungabangela ukuthi i-CPU, i-GPU, noma i-chipset ishise ngokweqile, inciphise imvamisa yazo (ukugoqa), noma icishe ngisho ukuze izivikele.
Ikhadi lezithombe kanye nehadiwe yevidiyo
Ikhadi lehluzo, noma i-GPU, liyingxenye ekhethekile ku- ukucubungula nokukhiqiza izithombe ze-2D/3D, izithombe ezinyakazayo kanye nemifanekisoAma-GPU anamuhla ayizilo zekhompyutha ezintantayo futhi awasetshenziswa nje kuphela emidlalweni yevidiyo, kodwa futhi nasekuhleleni amavidiyo, ukwakheka kwe-3D, ukubala kwesayensi, noma ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (okwaziwa ngokuthi i-GPGPU).
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe (i-IGP), ezitholakala ngaphakathi kweprosesa noma i-motherboard futhi zisebenzisa i-RAM yesistimu, kanye Amakhadi ehluzo anikezelwe, ane-VRAM yawo kanye ne-GPU enamandla kakhuluLezi zokugcina zivame ukuxhunywa nge-PCI Express slots futhi zikhethwa kakhulu emidlalweni yemidlalo kanye nemisebenzi edinga ihluzo eziningi.
Ngokuphathelene nokuxhumana kwevidiyo, kulezi zinsuku sithola Amachweba e-VGA (manje acishe aphelelwe yisikhathi), i-DVI, i-HDMI kanye ne-DisplayPortI-HDMI ne-DisplayPort yizona ezivame kakhulu kuma-monitor namathelevishini anamuhla, okuvumela ukulungiswa okuphezulu, amazinga aphezulu okuvuselela, kanye nokudluliswa komsindo nevidiyo ngasikhathi sinye.
Amachweba, amabhasi kanye nabalawuli
Ukuze zonke lezi zingxenye zikwazi ukuxhumana futhi amadivayisi angaphandle axhumeke, ikhompyutha ine- Amabhasi angaphakathi kanye namachweba okungena/okuphumaYilapho-ke imiqondo efana ne-PCIe, i-SATA, i-USB, i-Ethernet, njll. idlala khona indima.
I-Las Izikhala zokunwetshwa kwe-PCI, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-PCI Express Zikuvumela ukuthi uxhume amakhadi engeziwe: amakhadi ehluzo, amakhadi omsindo, amakhadi okuthwebula amavidiyo, amakhadi enethiwekhi asebenza kahle kakhulu, njll. Ngokuphathelene nesitoreji, izixhumi ezisebenzisanayo ze-IDE/ATA ezindala cishe zithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele yi-SATA futhi, kuma-SSD asheshayo, yi-NVMe ngaphezu kwe-PCIe.
Izilawuli noma izixhumi ezisebenzisanayo yizo amasekethe aphatha ukugeleza kwedatha phakathi kwe-CPU/imemori namadivayisi ahlukahlukene (amadiski, ama-optical drive, amabhasi angaphandle…). Ngaphambilini, abalawuli abaningi babengamakhadi ahlukene; namuhla, abaningi bahlanganiswe ku-chipset noma ngisho nedivayisi uqobo (isibonelo, i-SCSI, i-FireWire, noma abalawuli abathile be-RAID). Emiklamo ethile ye-elekthronikhi, bayasetshenziswa ama-optocouplers ukuhlukanisa nokuvikela imigqa yesignali.
Ngokuphathelene namachweba angaphandle angokoqobo, avame kakhulu yi- I-USB (1.x, 2.0, 3.x, USB-C), imbobo yenethiwekhi ye-RJ45 (i-Ethernet), amambobo omsindo we-analog, i-HDMI, i-DisplayPort kanye, kumishini endala, i-PS/2 yekhibhodi negundane, noma amambobo ochungechunge kanye nahambisanayoNgaphezu kwalokho, ama-laptop namadivayisi eselula asebenzisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo njenge-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, noma ngisho ne-infrared esikhathini sawo.
Ama-Peripheral: okokufaka, okukhiphayo, kanye namadivayisi axubile
Izisekelo ziyi- amadivayisi angaphandle avumela ikhompyutha ukuthi ixhumane nomhlaba: ukwamukela ulwazi (okufakwayo), ukubonisa imiphumela (okukhiphayo), noma kokubili (I/O). Nakuba eziningi zibhekwa njengezisekeli, ezinye zibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke.
Amadivayisi wokufaka
Amadivayisi okufaka avumela umsebenzisi noma uhlelo lwangaphandle ukuthumela idatha nemiyalelo kukhompyutha. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka: ikhibhodi negundanekubalulekile kuma-PC amaningi edeskithophu, kodwa kunezinye eziningi.
Lesi sigaba sizohlanganisa futhi izikena, amamakrofoni, ama-webcam, izifundi zebhakhodi, izinduku zokudlala, amaphilisi okwenza kube yidijithalikanye nama-CD, ama-DVD, noma ama-Blu-ray drive uma esetshenziswa kwimodi yokufunda kuphela. Ezindaweni zezimboni, kuvamile kakhulu ukuthola amakhadi okuthola idatha, izinzwa, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zokulawula.
Amadivayisi wokukhipha
Amadivayisi okukhipha abonisa noma aphinde akhiqize imiphumela yokucubungula. Icala elisobala kakhulu yileli Ukuqaphaekhombisa ideskithophu, izinhlelo, nakho konke okwenzekayo ohlelweni. Eceleni kwayo, amaphrinta nezipikha Lezi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile eziphathelene nokukhipha: zisivumela ukuthi sibhale phansi lokho esikwenzile noma silalele imisindo, umculo, izaziso, njll.
Nakuba zingasebenza ngaphandle kwephrinta noma izipikha, abasebenzisi abaningi babheka lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo njengezilula njengemonitha uqobo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasehhovisi, ezemfundo, noma ezokuzijabulisa.
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe kanye nesitoreji sangaphandle
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe yilezo ezingasebenza njengamadivayisi okufaka kanye nawokukhipha. Izibonelo ezicacile kakhulu ama-hard drive, ama-SSD, ama-USB flash drive, amakhadi ememori, noma ama-magnetic tape drive.okuvumela ukufunda nokubhala idatha ngabo.
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe nazo ziyacatshangelwa amakhadi enethiwekhi, amamodemu, amakhadi okuthwebula/okukhipha ividiyo, izikrini zokuthinta (ezibonisa ulwazi futhi zithole ukuthintwa) noma, ngokuvamile, noma iyiphi idivayisi eshintshana ngolwazi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi nohlelo.
Amadivayisi okugcina izinto eziningi angaphandle, njengama-USB drive noma amayunithi esitoreji esinamathiselwe kwinethiwekhi (NAS, SAN), adlala indima ebalulekile ku- ukulondoloza idatha, ukugcinwa kwedatha eningi, kanye nokuhamba kolwaziNakuba uhlelo lungaqala ngaphandle kwazo, ezindaweni zobungcweti cishe zibalulekile.
Ihadiwe yenethiwekhi kanye nokuxhumeka
Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, akunangqondo ukukhuluma ngehadiwe ngaphandle kokukhuluma nge- ihadiwe yenethiwekhiLe ngxenye inesibopho sokwenza amadivayisi akwazi ukuxhumana wodwa kanye ne-inthanethi. Ibalulekile kokubili emabhizinisini nasemakhaya.
Amadivayisi ayisisekelo yilawa ama-router, amaswishi, izindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi, ama-firewall namakhadi e-interface yenethiwekhi (ama-NIC)I-router iqondisa ithrafikhi phakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo kanye nengaphandle, iswishi ihlela ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene, kanti i-firewall isebenza njengesithiyo sokuphepha ekuhlaselweni nasekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe.
Izixazululo ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu zisetshenziswa kumaseva nasezikhungweni zedatha: Amaswishi aphethwe, izixhumanisi zesivinini esikhulu (10/40/100 GbE), ihadiwe yokulinganisela umthwalo ezinikele, izinhlelo ezingafuneki kanye nokulungiselelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala, ukukhuliswa, kanye nokuphepha.
Ezinye izinhlobo zehadiwe ngokuya ngokumaketha kwazo
Ngaphezu kokuhlukaniswa ngomsebenzi, ihadiwe ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi ukuthi imakethwa kanjani nokuthi ihloselwe uhlobo luni lomsebenzisiYilapho amagama anjenge-OEM, i-Box, i-Retail noma i-Refurbished eqala ukusebenza khona.
El Ihadiwe ye-OEM (Umkhiqizi Wemishini Yokuqala) Lolu uhlobo oluvame ukuthengiswa kubakhiqizi noma kubahlanganisi bemishini. Ngokuvamile luza ngaphandle kwebhokisi elihle, izinto ezengeziwe, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kwencwadi yesandla ephrintiwe noma ukwesekwa okuqondile, kodwa ngokubuyisela, luyonga kakhulu. Ngokuvamile lufika seluhlanganisiwe kakade ngaphakathi kwe-PC noma iseva edumile.
Ikholi Ibhokisi lehadiwe Lena inguqulo ethengiswa kumsebenzisi wokugcina ngephakheji ephelele, enezincwadi zemiyalelo, amadiski (noma ukufinyelela kwesofthiwe), ilayisensi lapho kufanele khona, kanye nemigomo yewaranti engcono kaningi. Intengo ivame ukuba phezulu kunenguqulo ye-OEM yomkhiqizo ofanayo.
Uma ukhuluma ngakho Ihadiwe yokuthengisa Lokhu kubhekisela ekuthengisweni okuqondile kubathengi ezitolo, kusetshenziswa intengo yokuthengisa ebekwe ngumsabalalisi. Ekugcineni, i- Ihadiwe evuselelwe noma evuselelwe Lena imikhiqizo ebuyiselwe kumenzi ngenxa yephutha noma isitokwe esiningi, ihlolwe noma ilungisiwe, futhi ibuyiselwa ekuthengisweni ngentengo ephansi futhi, ngokuvamile, ngewaranti emfushane.
Isivinini sehadiwe, umthamo, kanye nokusebenza
Ukuze uhlole futhi uqhathanise izingxenye zehadiwe, kuyasiza ukuba nezinto ezimbalwa ezicacile. amayunithi ayisisekelo okulinganisaEsitoreni sisebenzisa i-byte njengeyunithi eyisisekelo kanye ne-multiples yayo: KB, MB, GB, TB… Khumbula ukuthi i-1 KB kwikhompyutha yakudala ingu-1024 bytes, i-1 MB ingu-1024 KB, njalo njalo.
Ukudluliselwa kwedatha kuvame ukusetshenziswa amabhayithi ngomzuzwana (B/s, KB/s, MB/s, GB/s) Noma, kaningi kakhulu, ama-bits ngomzuzwana (b/s, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps), ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni kwenethiwekhi kanye ne-inthanethi. Khumbula lokhu, ngoba i-byte eli-1 lingama-bits ayi-8, ngakho-ke i-100 Mbps ayifani ne-100 MB/s.
Ijubane lezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi livame ukuvezwa ku-Hz (hertz), okusho ukuthi izikhathi ngomzuzwana lapho into iphinda khonaIprosesa engu-3 GHz yenza imijikelezo yewashi eyizigidigidi ezintathu ngomzuzwana; ibhasi engu-533 MHz ivumela ukuthi i-bandwidth yayo yedatha ithuthwe amakhulu ezigidi zezikhathi ngomzuzwana.
Ijubane lilonke lekhompyutha lincike ezintweni eziningana ezihlanganisiwe: Umthamo we-RAM kanye nesivinini, imvamisa ye-CPU kanye nokwakheka kwayo, ububanzi bebhasi kanye nesivinini, uhlobo lwesitoreji, ukusebenza kwe-GPUnjll. Akusizi kakhulu ukufaka iprosesa esezingeni eliphezulu uma ihambisana ne-RAM encane ehamba kancane, i-hard drive endala, kanye nekhadi lehluzo elilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Izindlela zokukhetha nokuhlanganisa izingxenye zehadiwe
Uma sihlela ukuhlanganisa noma ukuthuthukisa i-PC, iseva, noma ngisho nekhompyutha elula yehhovisi, kubalulekile ukuthi izingxenye... ukulinganiselana futhi kuyahambisanaNgaphandle kwalokho, singagcina sinalokho abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi "injini yeMercedes emzimbeni ongu-600".
Ngemisebenzi eyisisekelo yasehhovisi, ukuphequlula, kanye nokusetshenziswa okulula, iprosesa ephakathi nendawo/ephansi iyokwanela. inani elihle le-RAM (isb., 8-16 GB), i-SSD njengedrayivu eyinhloko, kanye nezithombe ezihlanganisiweKodwa-ke, ngokuhlela ividiyo, imidlalo, noma ukwakheka kwe-3D, sizodinga ama-CPU anamandla kakhulu, inkumbulo eyengeziwe, i-GPU ezinikele, kanye mhlawumbe nama-drive amaningi okugcina idatha ngokushesha.
Kuhle futhi ukucabanga ngekusasa: ukukhetha ibhodi lomama elivumela thuthukisa i-RAM, shintsha i-CPU, engeza amadrayivu noma amakhadi engeziwe nokuthi inamachweba anele e-USB, SATA, M.2, njll.. Ugesi kufanele ube nendawo yokuthuthukisa esikhathini esizayo, futhi ishasi kufanele libe nesikhala esanele kanye nomoya wokungenisa umoya.
Okokugcina, ukuhambisana kumele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela: Uhlobo lwesokhethi le-CPU, ukukhiqizwa kwe-RAM okusekelwayo, i-motherboard physical form factor (ATX, microATX, ITX), ubukhulu bekhadi lehluzo, izixhumi zamandla ezidingekayo, njll. Ukuhlela okuhle kusengaphambili kusindisa izinhlungu zekhanda kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemali.
Ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa kwehadiwe
Ngisho nehadiwe engcono kakhulu emhlabeni izohluleka uma inganakekelwa kahle. Ukunakekelwa okuyisisekelo kodwa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile. ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwezingxenye, ukuvimbela ukwehluleka, nokugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile.
Into yokuqala ukugcina imishini ihlanzekile: Izimbobo zomoya zothuli nokungcola, amafeni, kanye nezinki zokushisaZiyakhuphula amazinga okushisa futhi zingabangela noma yini kusukela ekuqaliseni kabusha okungahleliwe kuya ekuwohlokeni okukhulu. Ukudlula ngezikhathi ezithile ngomoya ocindezelwe (lapho imishini ivaliwe futhi ingaxhunywanga) kusiza kakhulu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqapha impilo yesistimu ngamathuluzi Gada amazinga okushisa e-CPU kanye ne-GPU, isimo sediski (SMART), ama-voltage, kanye nesivinini sabalandeli.njll., bese uthintana neziqondisi ku- indlela yokuhlola izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi lapho kutholakala ama-anomalies.
Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukugcina i-firmware (i-BIOS/UEFI) kanye nabashayeli bezingxenye eziyinhlokoLokhu kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana, kulungisa amaphutha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuthuthukisa nokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, izibuyekezo ze-firmware kumele zenziwe ngokucophelela futhi zilandele imiyalelo yomenzi.
Uma uphatha ihadiwe yangaphakathi, kunconywa ukuthi ulande ugesi ongashintshi (usebenzisa izintambo zesandla ezingashintshi noma ukuthinta indawo yensimbi engaphansi komhlaba) futhi usebenze ngendlela ehlelekile: nqamula imishini, hlela izintambo kahle ukuze ugweme ukudonsa bese uhlola kabili ngaphambi kokuyivula.
Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yenzani nokuthi ihlobene kanjani nezinye kusenza sikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile lapho sithenga, sakha, noma sinakekela ikhompyutha, sigweme izithiyo, futhi sithole okuningi kakhulu kwihadiwe yethu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eningi.
