Ama-MCU: funda ngemindeni ebaluleke kakhulu ye-microcontroller

Inqwaba yamabhodi okuthuthukisa esiwasebenzisa njalo, kusukela ku-Arduino ngokwayo kuya kwabanye abaningi, sebenzisa Amayunithi e-MCU noma ama-microcontroller. Amanye ama-chips abalulekile ukuze ukwazi hlela lawa madivayisi nokuthi imiyalelo edalwe ngumhleli ingacutshungulwa ukuze kutholwe imiphumela elindelekile.

Nokho, Umkhakha we-microcontroller ubanzi impela., njengoba kunjalo futhi ngama-CPU noma ama-microprocessors, njengoba kungekho nje kuphela abaklami abaningi noma abakhiqizi, kanye namamodeli, kodwa kunemindeni eminingi ehlukene okufanele uyazi. Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko kuyona kanye le nto, ukuze wazi ukuthi iyiphi ongayithanda kakhulu ngamaphrojekthi akho…

Yini i-microcontroller noma i-MCU?

Un i-microcontroller noma i-MCU (Iyunithi Ye-MicroController) Kuyidivayisi ehlangene ehlanganisa imisebenzi ye-central processor (CPU), inkumbulo nama-peripherals ku-chip eyodwa. Le divayisi iwumgogodla wamasistimu amaningi kagesi futhi iyisisekelo emkhakheni wezinto zikagesi ezishumekiwe. Ngamafuphi, enye indlela enhle kuma-elekthronikhi anezintambo, ngaleyo ndlela ivumela i-chip eyodwa ukuthi yenze inqwaba yemisebenzi ngokuguquguquka, ngoba iyahleleka.

Ama-Microcontroller asetshenziswa ku-a anhlobonhlobo izicelo ngenxa yokuguquguquka nokusebenza kahle kwayo. Ezinye izibonelo zokusebenzisa izilawuli ezincane zihlanganisa amasistimu okulawula ezimotweni, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, amasistimu ezishintshayo zezimboni, amasistimu okulawula inqubo, amathoyizi, amasistimu okuphepha, amabhodi okuthuthukisa, nezinye izinto eziningi zikagesi.

Izingxenye zama-microcontroller

Ama-Microcontrollers angamadivayisi ahlanganisiwe, futhi zonke izingxenye zawo zenziwa ku-chip noma isekethe ehlanganisiwe. Phakathi kwe izingxenye eziyisisekelo kulawa ma-chips yilawa:

• I-CPU (Iyunithi Yokucubungula Emaphakathi): Iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi ingubuchopho be-microcontroller, kanye nengxenye yayo ebaluleke kakhulu. Le yunithi inesibopho sokusebenzisa idatha nemiyalelo yohlelo ukuze itolike futhi icubungulwe ngokufanele kumayunithi okubulala ukuze kutholwe imiphumela elindelekile. Okusho ukuthi, i-CPU yenza yonke imisebenzi yokubala futhi ithathe izinqumo ngokusekelwe kumqondo wohlelo. Isivinini nokusebenza kahle kwe-CPU kunquma kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-microcontroller. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ngokuvamile babe nezingxenye eziyisisekelo ezifana nezinhlelo eziphazamisayo, ezivumela isilawuli esincane ukuthi siphendule ezehlakalweni ezithile ngesikhathi. Uma kwenzeka isehlakalo esithile, esifana nokokufaka kwesignali noma isibali sikhathi esifinyelela kunani elithile, isilawuli esincane singaphazamisa umsebenzi waso wamanje ukuze siphendule kulo mcimbi.
• Memoria: Ngokuvamile banezinhlobo ezimbili zememori njenge-RAM ne-flash. I-RAM isetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha yesikhashana, njengemiyalelo eyakha izinhlelo kanye nedatha (okuguquguqukayo, okungaguquki,...) ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kohlelo. Ngenkathi imemori ye-flash isetshenziselwa ukugcina uhlelo oluzokwenziwa, futhi aluguquguquki njenge-RAM, ngakho-ke uma amandla ephazamiseka noma idivayisi ivaliwe, uhlelo luzohlala.
• Okokufaka/Okuphumayo (I/O): vumela isilawuli esincane ukuthi sihlanganyele nomhlaba wangaphandle. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izimbobo zedijithali ze-I/O, iziguquli ze-analog-to-digital (ADC), iziguquli zedijithali-kuya-analog (DAC), izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ezifana ne-UART, SPI, ne-I2C, izilawuli ezihlukahlukene, izibali sikhathi, izinto zokubala, i-GPIO, kanye abanye.

Ihluke kanjani ku-microprocessor noma i-CPU?

I-microprocessor kanye ne-microcontroller yizingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile emkhakheni we-electronics, kodwa banazo umehluko ophawulekayo ngokwesakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa, nakuba abantu abaningi bedida lezi zinto ezimbili noma bakholelwe ukuthi ziyefana.

Ngenkathi i-CPU ihlanganisa kuphela amayunithi asebenzayo ukuze kulawulwe futhi kuchazwe imiyalelo, amarejista, kanye nemiyalo yokwenziwa efana ne-ALU, i-FPU, njll., futhi ingahlanganiswa nezinye izakhi ezisizayo ngendlela evumelana nezimo, ama-microcontroller athi ukuvaleka kakhudlwana ngomqondo walokho kuhlanganisa. izingxenye eziningi ezishiywa yi-CPU. Eqinisweni, ngenkathi i-CPU ingubuchopho bekhompiyutha, i-MCU ingabhekwa njengekhompyutha ephelele, njengoba ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye eziyisisekelo ku-chip eyodwa.

Nokho, ungaphambanisi ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu nemibandela ye ubunkimbinkimbi nokusebenza. Nakuba ama-microprocessors amanje eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi esebenza kakhulu, izilawuli ezincane zamanje zivame ukuba ne-CPU ehlanganisiwe enokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu nokulula. Eqinisweni, ama-microcontroller amaningi anamuhla angaba nokusebenza okufana nama-microprocessors kusukela emashumini eminyaka edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sizobona kamuva, sine-8-bit noma i-16-bit microcontrollers efana nama-CPU we-70s.

Umehluko uma uqhathaniswa ne-SoC?

Njengoba i-microcontroller ihlanganisa izakhi eziningana ku-chip efanayo, Kubuye kudidaniswe ne-SoC (System on a Chip)Nokho, akufani futhi. Njenge-CPU vs MCU, ama-SoC aphinde ahlanganise i-CPU ngokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kunama-microcontroller amaningi amanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SoC iwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi oluthuthuke kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-SoC ayivamisile ukuhlanganisa ezinye zezingxenye ezihlanganiswe ku-microcontroller, ngoba izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihloselwe zona aziyidingi, njenge-RAM nememori ye-flash, iziguquli ze-ADC, njll.

Umlando omncane

Ama-microprocessors okuqala aneziyingi eziningi, njenge-AL1 evela ku-Four-Phase Systems ngo-1969 kanye ne-MP944 evela ku-Garrett AiResearch ngo-1970, athuthukiswa ngama-chips amaningi e-MOS LSI. I-microprocessor yokuqala ye-single-chip kwakuyi-Intel 4004, eyakhululwa ngo-1971. Lawa maphrosesa adinga ama-chips amaningana angaphandle ukuze asebenzise uhlelo olusebenzayo, olwalubiza kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, cishe ngokufana, lokho esikwaziyo namuhla njenge-microcontroller kwathuthukiswa. HE okubangelwa onjiniyela be-IT, uGary Boone noMichael Cochran, ukwakhiwa ngempumelelo kwe-microcontroller yokuqala ngo-1971, i-TMS 1000, eyayihlanganisa inkumbulo yokufunda kuphela, inkumbulo efundwayo/yokubhala, iphrosesa kanye newashi ku-chip eyodwa. Eqinisweni, nakuba lena kungenye indaba, idale impi yelungelo lobunikazi kanye namacala ngokubhalwa kwe-microprocessor...

Phakathi nawo-1970, i- Abakhiqizi bezinto zikagesi baseJapan baqala ukukhiqiza ama-microcontroller ezimoto. Kancane kancane zaduma, futhi ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-single-chip TMS 1000, i-Intel yakha uhlelo lwekhompyutha ku-chip elungiselelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zokulawula, i-Intel 8048, ehlanganisa i-RAM ne-ROM ku-chip efanayo kanye ne-CPU. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkumbulo ezingaguquguquki zaba ngcono, futhi zasuka ekurekhodweni efekthri ngohlelo oluhlala njalo njengama-ROM okuqala kwaze kwaba yilapho kwethulwa i-PROM, noma i-EEPROM ka-1993, eyavumela ukuthi isulwe futhi ihlelwe kabusha. ngolunye uhlelo ngendlela elula futhi kaningi ngokuthanda kwakho.

Kancane kancane, izinkampani zazalwa eduze kwalolu hlobo lwama-chips, njenge Atmel, Microchip Technology, nabanye abaningi. Ezinye izinkampani kulo mkhakha nazo zaqala ukusabalalisa ama-MCU azo, njenge-Intel, Amadivayisi we-Analog, iCypress, AMD, ARM, Hitachi, EPSON, Motorola, Zilog, Infineon, Lattice, National Semiconductor, NEC, Panasonic, Renesas, Rockell, Sony. , STMicroelectronics, Synopsis, Toshiba, njll.

Namuhla, ama-microcontroller ashibhile futhi afinyeleleka kalula kuma-hobbyists kanye nenqwaba yemikhakha yezimboni eyahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ayathengiswa cishe amayunithi angamabhiliyoni ayi-5 we-8-bit emhlabeni jikelele, esetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje. Ungazithola ezintweni zasendlini, ezimotweni, kumakhompyutha, amafoni, emishinini yezimboni nokunye okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakwazile ukwenza okuncane kakhulu, badale amanye amakhompyutha amancane kakhulu emhlabeni, amancane kakhulu kunohlamvu lukasawoti...

Imindeni ye-ISA kanye ne-microcontroller

Manje njengoba wazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi iyini i-MCU noma i-microcontroller, ake sibone ezinye zazo imindeni ebaluleke kakhulu kulawa ma-microcontroller. Futhi, njengama-CPU, angahlukaniswa ngokuya nge-ISA, okungukuthi, iqoqo lemiyalelo, amarejista nezinhlobo zedatha ezisetshenziswayo, futhi ukuhambisana kwezinhlelo kanambambili ezingenziwa kuzoncika kulokhu. phakathi kwemindeni. Futhi le mindeni izimele ngokuphelele kumodeli, umkhiqizo noma amayunithi afakwe ku-chip.

Phakathi kwe imindeni ethandwa kakhulu sinokulandelayo:

• Izingane: isizukulwane sama-softcores ama-FPGAs avela e-Altera, manje athathwe yi-Intel.
• I-Blackfin: iwumndeni wama-microprocessors angu-16/32-bit athuthukisiwe, akhiqizwa futhi adayiswa Amadivayisi we-Analog. Amaphrosesa aphinde abe nomsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi we-digital signal processor (DSP), owenziwa yi-16-bit multiplication-accumulation (MAC).
• I-TigerSHARC: imele i-Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer, nayo evela kumadivayisi e-Analog. Kulokhu zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukusebenza kwekhompuyutha ephezulu ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi. Lawa maphrosesa anikezela ngesakhiwo senkumbulo esiyingqayizivele esivumela ukufinyelela okusebenzayo kudatha nemiyalo ngaphandle kwesijeziso sokusebenza esihlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zebhasi le-Von Neumann.
• ICortex-M- Izilawuli ezincane ze-ARM's Cortex-M ziwumndeni odumile wama-microcontrollers angu-32-bit asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi anikeza ukusebenza okuhle. Adume kakhulu ezinhlelweni zezimboni nezabathengi, futhi okwamanje amele iningi lama-chips esimanje athengiswa izinkampani eziningi.
• I-AVR32: Kuyisakhiwo se-32-bit RISC microcontroller esikhiqizwe i-Atmel, futhi ungayithola kumabhodi amaningi okuthuthukisa, njenge-Arduino nama-clones ayo.
• I-RISC-V: Le ISA evulekile ihlose ukudlula i-ARM, futhi kancane kancane isiqalile ukuba nokubaluleka emhlabeni wama-microcontrollers, njengoba iguquguquka kakhulu futhi ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphandle kokukhokha imali.
• I-PIC- bawumndeni wama-microcontrollers angu-8-bit athuthukiswe yi-Microchip Technology, aziwa ngezakhiwo zawo ezithuthukisiwe ze-RISC, futhi aziwa kakhulu embonini.
• I-PowerQUICC: zisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-IBM's Power Architecture, futhi zasetshenziswa i-Motorola (manje i-Freescale), zisekela ububanzi obugcwele bemishini yenethiwekhi eshumekiwe, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezishumekiwe zezimboni nezijwayelekile.
• Ukunwetshwa: Lawa ama-MCU e-Fujitsu, futhi agxile emikhiqizweni ye-analog neyedijithali, futhi yakhelwe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza okulinganiselwe.
• 8051: Kuyi-8-bit microcontroller eyakhiwe ngabakwa-Intel, nakuba manje uzoyithola yenziwe nezinye izinkampani. Ingenye yama-microcontroller aziwa kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. I-8051 iyi-microcontroller ye-CISC esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Harvard.
• I-TriCore: isilawuli esincane esakhiwe yi-Infineon Technologies. I-TriCore ihlanganisa izici ze-RISC processor core, i-microcontroller, ne-DSP ku-chip eyodwa. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinguquko.
• MC-48 noma 8048: Kuyi-microcontroller esuka kulayini we-Intel, enamabhayithi angu-64 e-RAM futhi ifinyelela kumabhayithi angu-4096 wememori yohlelo lwangaphandle.
• Mico8- iwumndeni we-microcontroller engu-8-bit osetshenziswe ngokuphelele kumemori yenjongo evamile kanye nengqondo ye-Lattice FPGAs.
• Umqhubi: I-32-bit multicore architecture eyakhiwe yi-Parallax Inc. I-Propeller ngayinye inamaphrosesa angu-8 afanayo angama-32-bit axhunywe kuhabhu evamile.
• Isitembu Esiyisisekelo- iyisilawuli esincane esinotolika omncane okhethekile we-BASIC (PBASIC) owakhiwe ku-ROM. Ikhiqizwa ngabakwaParallax, Inc, futhi bekungumkhiqizo odumile kakhulu wabakhi ababefuna ukwenza inqwaba yamaphrojekthi ekhaya ngaphambi kokuthi i-Arduino ikhishwe.
• I-SuperH: iyisakhiwo sesethi yemiyalo yekhompyutha ye-RISC engu-32-bit eyakhiwe yi-Hitachi futhi okwamanje ekhiqizwa i-Renesas, futhi igxile kuma-microcontrollers amasistimu ashumekiwe.
• Thiva: iwuchungechunge lwe-microcontroller eyakhiwe yi-Texas Instruments. Inefrikhwensi yewashi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi efinyelela ku-80MHz eneyunithi yephoyinti elintantayo (i-FPU), esebenza kahle kakhulu.
• I-Microblaze: iwuhlelo lokucubungula oludidiyelwe kakhulu oluhloselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zesilawuli. I-MicroBlaze isetshenziswa ngokuphelele enkumbulweni kanye nenjongo ejwayelekile ye-Xilinx (manje eyi-AMD) FPGAs, okungukuthi, i-softcore.
• I-Picoblaze: efana neyangaphambili, kodwa kulokhu i-8-bit futhi ilula, ukuze uthole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe.
• I-XCore: Ama-XMOS multicore MCU, amabhithi angu-32 ahlelwe endaweni yolimi C futhi asebenza ngokunqunywa nangokubambezeleka okuphansi. Ziphelele kakhulu futhi zingasetshenziswa ngendlela yama-tile.
• Z8: ivela ku-Zilog, futhi ingamadivayisi we-8-bit anikezela ngezinketho eziningi zokusebenza nezinsiza. Lezi zilawuli ezincane zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinevolumu ephezulu, ezingazweli izindleko, ezifaka abathengi, izimoto, ukuphepha, nemikhiqizo ye-HVAC.
• Z180: Ingenye edumile ngaphakathi kweZilog ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-eZ entsha ebuyekeze ububanzi bangaphambilini. Ihlanganisa iphrosesa engu-8-bit, ehambisana nesisekelo sesofthiwe esikhulu esibhalelwe i-Z80. Umndeni we-Z180 wengeza ukusebenza okuphezulu nezici ezihlanganisiwe ze-peripheral ezifana nejeneretha yewashi, izibali/izikhathi ezingu-16-bit, isilawuli esiphazamisayo, amajeneretha wesimo sokulinda, izimbobo ze-serial, nesilawuli se-DMA.
• STM: Lo mndeni we-STMicroelectronics unamayunithi athile e-MCU asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwale nkampani, nakuba kumamodeli akamuva kuye kwakhethwa, njengakwezinye izimo eziningi, ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-32-bit ARM Cortex-M Series. Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlanganisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu, amandla esikhathi sangempela, ukucubungula isignali yedijithali, ukusebenza okuphansi kwamandla / okuphansi kwe-voltage nokuxhumeka, kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele nokukhululeka kokuthuthukiswa.

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