Emhlabeni oncike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe, izakhi ezaziwa ngokuthi umhlaba ongavamile Avele njengamaminerali abalulekile, "igolide" elisha lekhulu lama-21, futhi abe umthombo wezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe, futhi azoqhubeka nokuba njalo. Lezi zakhi, ngaphandle kwamagama azo, zibalulekile, futhi lapha ungafunda ukuthi kungani zibaluleke kangaka, nokuthi ziyini lezi zakhi ze-REE (Izinto Zomhlaba Ezingavamile).
¿Yimiphi imihlaba engavamile?
I-Las umhlaba ongavamile, ngesiNgisi REE (Izinto Ezingavamile-Earth), Ziyiqoqo lamaminerali phakathi kwazo izakhi ezingu-15 ziningi kuthebula le-periodic, elaziwa ngokuthi uchungechunge lwe-lanthanide. Lezi zakhi zibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obufuna ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukusebenza, isivinini, ukuqina kanye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe obufuna ukwenza imikhiqizo ibe lula futhi ibe mincane. Ngakho-ke, isisekelo sobuchwepheshe bamanje, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwayo.
Lokhu kubenza Ibalulekile futhi ayinakushintshwa ezinhlelweni eziningi zikagesi, ezibonakalayo, kazibuthe kanye ne-catalytic, futhi njengoba engeminingi, lokhu kuye kwabangela izingxabano, izimpi, nokungezwani phakathi kwamazwe, njengoba sizobona kamuva. Nokho, nakuba izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ziziningi kuqweqwe loMhlaba, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ze-geochemical, zivame ukuhlakazeka kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awavamisile ukutholakala ekugxiliseni kwawo okuwenza akwazi ukusebenza ezimayini. Yilokhu kuswelakala okuholele ekutheni babizwe ngokuthi umhlaba ongavamile.
phakathi izici ezi-17 Izimpawu ze-REE yilezi:
- I-Scandium (Sc)
- I-Yttrium (Y)
- I-Lanthanum (The)
- I-Cerium (Ce)
- I-Praseodymium (Pr)
- I-Neodymium (Nd)
- I-Promethium (Pm)
- I-Samarium (Sm)
- I-Europium (Eu)
- I-Gadolinium (Gd)
- I-Terbium (Tb)
- I-Dysprosium (Dy)
- I-Holmium (Ho)
- I-Erbium (Er)
- Thulium
- I-Ytterbium (Yb)
- I-Lutetium (Lu)
Izakhiwo zomhlaba ezingavamile
Kepha izakhiwo Emhlabeni ongavamile, noma kunalokho izakhi zawo, kufanelekile ukugqamisa:
- Izakhiwo kazibuthe: I-Neodymium, i-dysprosium ne-samarium zibaluleke kakhulu ngezakhiwo zazo kazibuthe. Angakwazi ukugcina amanani amakhulu wamandla kazibuthe, awenze abe usizo kumaturbine omoya, amamotho kagesi, amasistimu okuqondisa, izipikha nama-hard drive, njll.
- Izakhiwo ze-Luminescent: I-Europium, i-yttrium, i-erbium ne-neodymium inezici ze-luminescent, okusho ukuthi zikhipha ukukhanya lapho zikhuthazwa imisebe ye-electromagnetic. Asetshenziswa emithonjeni yokukhanya ephumelelayo, izibonisi, ukukhulisa isignali emigqeni ye-fiber optic namalaser.
- izakhiwo zikagesi: I-Cerium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium ne-praseodymium isetshenziswa kumabhethri we-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zikagesi. Banikeza ibhethri ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu namandla okugcina angcono ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingi yokukhipha kabusha.
- Izici ze-Catalytic: I-Cerium ne-lanthanum zisetshenziswa njengezisusa zokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo se-elekthronikhi. Ziningi kakhulu futhi zishibhile kuneminye imihlaba eyivelakancane, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuyinhloko kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-catalytic.
historia
Imihlaba eyivelakancane ibilokhu ikhona selokhu kwabunjwa uMhlaba, nokho, Azizange zitholwe kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18 nguLieutenant webutho laseSweden uCarl Axel Arrhenius.. Futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zala mazwe kusanda kwenzeka, ezinye bezingeke zifike kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-160 yokutholwa (1787-1947), i- Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanzwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kwakuyinqubo enzima futhi ende. Ososayensi abaningi banikela ukuphila kwabo konke ekutholeni lezi zakhi ezimsulwa. Ekugcineni, ngenxa yokuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zatholakala ziyimikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwe-athomu ye-uranium, i-U.S. Atomic Energy Commission yenza umzamo omkhulu ekwakheni izindlela ezintsha zokuhlukanisa. Ngo-1947, imiphumela yanyatheliswa ebonisa ukuthi izinqubo zokushintshanisa i-ion zinikeza indlela engcono yokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ukukhiqiza izakhi ezisetshenzisiwe.
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngaphandle kwe-scandium, zisinda kunensimbi futhi zikhiqizwa i-nucleosynthesis ye-supernovae noma nge-s-process ezinkanyezini yegatsha elikhulu le-asymptotic. Emvelweni, ukuqhekeka okuzenzakalelayo kwe-uranium-238 kukhiqiza amanani amancane e-promethium enemisebe, kodwa iningi le-promethium likhiqizwa ngokwenziwa kuma-reactors enuzi.
Izinqolobane zomhlaba zemihlaba engavamile
I-Las izindawo zokugcina ezibalulekile zomhlaba ezingavamile Emhlabeni zitholakala emazweni alandelayo:
- I-China: Inezindawo zokugcina ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-44. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wemihlaba engavamile.
- Vietnam: Kuyikhaya lezinqolobane ezinkulu zomhlaba ongavamile, ikakhulukazi ngasemngceleni osenyakatho-ntshonalanga neChina nasogwini olusempumalanga, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-22.
- IBrazil neRussia: Womabili la mazwe anezindawo zokugcina ezingu-21MT.
- India: inezindawo ezigciniwe ezingamathani ayizigidi eziyisi-6,9.
- Australia: inezindawo ezigciniwe ezingamathani ayizigidi ezi-4,2.
- United States: Imithombo yayo ifinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezi-2,3.
- IGreenland: Ibalwa cishe ngo-1,5MT.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi, nakuba amanye amazwe enemithombo emikhulu, ukukhiqizwa kwawo kungase kube phansi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene...
Futhi iYurophu?
EYurophu, izindawo zokugcina umhlaba ezingavamile ziyindlala, futhi atholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilandelayo:
- I-Suecia: Kukholakala ukuthi inendawo enkulu yokugcina umhlaba ongavamile eYurophu. Inkampani yezimayini ephethwe nguhulumeni waseSweden, i-LKAB, ikhombe idiphozithi eduze kwedolobha laseKiruna, enyakatho yezwe, equkethe amathani angaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
- eFinland nasePortugal: Izindawo zokuxhashazwa nazo zikhonjwe kulawa mazwe.
Mayelana neSpain, izindawo zokulondoloza umhlaba ezingavamile ziyaziwa ukuthi zikhona, nakuba zingakaphenywa kahle. Isibonelo, i-Campo de Montiel (i-Ciudad Real), i-Monte Galiñeiro (i-Pontevedra) igqamile, futhi muva nje kube nezinkulumo eziningi mayelana nomhlaba wolwandle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zase-Canary Islands. Ezinye zalezi zindawo azikakaxhashazwa, neziqiwu ezikhona azikaziwa.Endabeni yendawo yokulondoloza yaseGalician, ukuxhashazwa kwayo kwenqatshwa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo, kanti endabeni yaseCanary Islands, iMorocco isaqhubeka nokushuba kwesimo sokuthatha izintambo. lokhu kuxhashazwa. …
Ukucubungula nokuhlukanisa
Imihlaba engavamile itholakala ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izimayini zemigodi evulekile yezimboni., kwezinye izimo ukukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile kwenzeka njengomkhiqizo wezimayini zensimbi. Amaminerali aqukethe umhlaba ongavamile avela njengama-oxides, ngakho-ke kufanele acutshungulwe ukuze athole izakhi:
- Ukukhishwa komhlaba ongavamile kwenzeka ezimayini ezivulekile, kusetshenziswa ukuqhunyiswa nemishini esindayo.
- Ngemuva kokukhipha, amaminerali ayachotshozwa noma agaywe ukuze acutshungulwe kahle.
- Ukuhlukanisa i-ore ibe ama-oxides, izindlela zokuvuza, imvula kanye ne-crystallization zingasetshenziswa.
- Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali aphathekayo, ukucwengwa kwama-oxides asemhlabeni angavamile ezinsimbi ezinamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzeka kuyenziwa.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali.
- Ukuguqulwa kwama-alloys omhlaba angavamile abe yizingxenye ezisetshenziswa emisebenzini yezohwebo.
Izinhlobo zomhlaba ezingavamile
Okokuqala, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi zikhona umhlaba okhanyayo ongavamile kanye nomhlaba onzima ongavamile. Ezikhanyayo, noma i-LREE, ziningi kakhulu, futhi zakhiwe i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, i-promethium, i-samarium, i-europium ne-scandium. Endabeni yezinzima, noma i-HREE, ngokuvamile ayiningi kakhulu, futhi ine-concentrations ye-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium, i-holmium, i-erbium, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, i-lutetium ne-yttrium.
Aplicaciones
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukwazi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaba khona zomhlaba ongavamile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwawo kwamanje:
- Ama-Catalysts kanye nozibuthe: Emhlabeni jikelele, izakhi eziningi zomhlaba ezingavamile zisetshenziselwa ama-catalysts kanye nozibuthe (i-neodymium), kanye nokudalwa kwezinto ezikhethekile ze-ceramic, izibuko kanye nokupholisha. Isibonelo, i-cerium ne-lanthanum yizisusa ezibalulekile, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukucwenga uwoyela kanye nezithasiselo zikadizili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sikhuluma ngozibuthe, asibhekiseli kuphela koozibuthe abavamile, kodwa lezi zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nama-motor kagesi ezimotweni ezixubile nezikagesi, amajeneretha kwamanye ama-turbine omoya, ama-hard drive, ama-electronics aphathwayo, imibhobho kanye izikhulumi.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-alloy kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli kaphethiloli namabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride: I-Cerium, i-lanthanum ne-neodymium ibalulekile ekwenziweni kwama-alloys nasekukhiqizeni ama-fuel cell kanye namabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride.
- Electronics: I-Cerium, i-gallium ne-neodymium ibalulekile ku-electronics futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-LCD ne-plasma displays, i-fiber optics nama-lasers, kanye nesithombe sezokwelapha.
- Izicelo zezokwelapha, umanyolo nokwelashwa kwamanzi: Asetshenziswa njengama-tracer ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha, umanyolo kanye nokwelapha amanzi.
- Ezolimo: zisetshenziswe kwezolimo ukwandisa ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukukhiqiza kanye nokumelana nengcindezi ngokusobala ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi ekusetshenzisweni komuntu nezilwane. Ukwengeza, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyizithasiselo ekudleni kwemfuyo, okuye kwaholela ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa, njengezilwane ezinkulu kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulayo kwamaqanda nemikhiqizo yobisi.
- Okuningi: Ukusetshenziswa kubanzi kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kungabuye kusetshenziselwe ukuqomisana nezinsalela, njengoba ukugxila komhlaba ongavamile emadwaleni kushintsha kuphela kancane ngezinqubo ze-geochemical, futhi lokhu kuwenza abe wusizo ekuqomeni. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:
- I-Scandium isetshenziselwa ukwenza izibani ezinamandla kakhulu futhi njenge-ejenti yokulandela umkhondo wezindawo ezihluza uwoyela.
- I-Yttrium ingangezwa kunqwaba yezingxube zensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zazo.
- I-Lanthanum isetshenziswa njenge-catalyst yokuqhekeka kwe-petroleum futhi njengesengezo sokwenza i-nodular cast iron.
- I-Cerium ingasetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kuma-catalysts ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukuya ekuthunjweni kwezimoto, ukuhlanza imikhiqizo kanye nezingulube.
- I-Praseodymium ingaxutshwa nezinye izinsimbi ukuze kwakhiwe odonsa bemishini kagesi, kodwa futhi njenge-catalyst.
- I-Neodymium isetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza ozibuthe abanamandla kakhulu, ngezinhlelo zokusebenza njengasembonini yezimoto zikagesi, nakuba iphinde isetshenziselwe amakhamera, ama-optics anama-lasers, njll.
- I-Promethium isetshenziswa amageji okujiya njengomthombo we-beta, futhi njengebhethri ye-pulse, ingaguqulwa ibe umthombo we-X-ray ophathwayo, njll.
- I-Samarium iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza omagnethi abangapheli bamandla aphezulu, amalensi akhethekile, nezinto ezimunca i-neutron kuma-reactors enuzi.
- I-Europium iyona esebenza kakhulu ezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, futhi ayivamile ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo.
- I-Gadolinium isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, ekucabangeni kwe-magnetic resonance, kanye nama-microwaves, amathelevishini anemibala, ama-amplifiers, nezinhlelo zokulalelwayo ezichwepheshile.
- I-Terbium isetshenziselwa ukungcolisa izingxenye ezithile, ukwenza izinto zikagesi, njll.
- I-Dysprosium isetshenziswa kuma-alloys kazibuthe asuselwa ku-neodymium ukuwenza amelane kakhulu ne-demagnetization emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ibuye isetshenziselwe izibani zokukhipha i-halide.
- I-Holmium yezinto zikagesi, izikrini ze-plasma, izibani ze-mercury, njll.
- I-Herbium isetshenziselwa ama-alloys, ama-amplifiers kagesi, ama-lasers, njll.
- I-Thulium isetshenziselwa amayunithi e-X-ray, ama-laser asezingeni eliphezulu, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic-magnetic, njll.
- I-Ytterbium, ijwayelekile embonini ye-metallurgy yama-alloys anensimbi nensimbi, ama-catalysts, ama-lasers, nama-fiber optics. Futhi emithini yenuzi ukwelapha izifo ezithile kanye ne-radiotherapy.
- I-Lutetium, esetshenziswa njenge-catalyst ekuqhekekeni kwama-hydrocarbons embonini ye-petrochemical, ukwelashwa komdlavuza, njll.
Njengoba ubona, kubalulekile embonini yezogesi, ikakhulukazi ukwenza ama-capacitor e-ceramic ukuthi uzowathola kuma-PCB amaningi…