Uma usebenza ezinhlelweni ezifakiwe noma kwi-IoT, nakanjani uzohlangana ne-Yocto Project. Yisisekelo lapho izinkulungwane zamaqembu zakha khona ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux "yazo" , okulungiselelwe kahle ngokwehadiwe yazo kanye nezidingo zayo ezithile. Akuyona nje enye i-distro; kuyiqoqo lamathuluzi, imethadatha, kanye nezinqubo ezithatha ukwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nokuphindaphinda ziye ezingeni elisha ngokuphelele.
Kulo mhlahlandlela, uzoqonda, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukuthi i-Yocto iyini nokuthi ayikho, ukuthi kungani isakazeke kangaka, ukuthi yakhiwe kanjani (i-OpenEmbedded, i-BitBake, ne-Poky), ukuthi iyini i-Layered Model, ukuthi imaphi amathuluzi azungezile (i-Toaster, i-CROPS, i-eSDK…), ukuthi isithombe sakhiwa kanjani ngempela, yiziphi izinketho zokubuyekeza ezitholakalayo, ukuthi yikuphi ukuphepha esikunikezayo, nokuthi iphrojekthi ilawulwa futhi ihunyushwe kanjani . Uzobona futhi imiqondo nezibonelo ezisebenzayo (i-reTerminal/Raspberry Pi) ezizokusiza ukuyisebenzisa emsebenzini wakho wansuku zonke.
Iyini i-Yocto Project?
I-Yocto Project iyisinyathelo sokubambisana esixhaswe yi-Linux Foundation esinikeza izakhi zokwakha ukudala ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux ngokwezifiso kwamadivayisi afakiwe kanye ne-IoT, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-hardware yakhiwe kanjani . Yasungulwa ngo-2010 futhi yakhipha inguqulo yayo yokuqala ngo-2011 ngokusekelwa yizinhlangano ezingaba ngamashumi amabili kanye nokubambisana okuseduze ne-OpenEmbedded.
Inhloso yayo ukuthuthukisa umjikelezo wokuphila wesofthiwe efakiwe: inikeza amathuluzi asebenzisanayo, i-metadata, kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza ukwenza ukwakha uhlelo kube okusheshayo, okuphindaphindekayo, futhi okungenziwa ngezifiso ngokugcwele. Inhlanganisela ye-Yocto, i-OpenEmbedded, kanye ne-BitBake ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze ukuthi ungathola kanjani, ulungiselele, uhlanganise, upake, futhi uhlanganise uhlelo lwakho ngokunemba kokuhlinzwa.
Ngo-2018, i-ARM kanye ne-Intel bahlangene ngaphakathi kwe-Yocto ukuze kube lula ukwabelana ngekhodi ezinhlelweni ezifakiwe, baqinisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwepulatifomu kanye nokusekelwa kwezakhiwo eziningi . Namuhla, le phrojekthi isetshenziswa kumadivayisi asukela kumabhodi aphansi kuya emikhiqizweni yezimboni eyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Yocto ayikukhiyi: ayivumelani nomthengisi kanye nefomethi yephakheji, ngakho-ke ungakhetha phakathi kwe-deb, i-rpm, noma i-ipk bese ulandela imodeli yokwakha eqondile. Ngaphezu kwezithombe zedivayisi, ungakha ama-toolchain angokwezifiso nama-SDK okuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nokulungisa amaphutha.
Kungani usebenzise i-Yocto ekushumekiwe
Inzuzo eyinhloko ukwenza ngokwezifiso. Nge-Yocto, udala uhlelo lokusebenza olunalokho okudingayo: ususa lokho ongakudingi, unciphise indawo yokuhlasela nosayizi , futhi ulungisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Awuncikile ezinqumweni zokusabalalisa okujwayelekile.
Esinye isizathu esibalulekile ukuphindaphindwa. Konke (izendlalelo, izindlela zokupheka, ukucushwa) kungahunyushwa ezindaweni zokugcina, okuvumela isithombe esifanayo ukuthi sakhiwe ezindaweni ezahlukene nangezikhathi ezahlukene . Lokhu kuhambisana ne-CI/CD futhi kunikeza ukulandeleka kwe-QA kanye nokuhambisana.
Iphinde ivelele ngokuguquguquka kwayo: isekela izakhiwo ezifana ne-Arm, x86/x86-64, MIPS noma i-PowerPC, futhi yenza kube lula ukuphinda usebenzise ukusatshalaliswa kwakho phakathi kwemindeni yemikhiqizo noma i-pivot uma ushintsha i-motherboard yakho noma i-SoC.
Ukusekelwa komphakathi kanye nemboni kuqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kanye nama-patches okuphepha. Amagatsha Okusekela Isikhathi Eside (LTS) ayatholakala, okwenza kube lula umjikelezo wokuphila komkhiqizo kanye nokugcinwa kwensimu.
Umthwalo? Kudinga umshini onamandla kanye nohlelo lokufunda. Kumaphrojekthi amancane kakhulu noma lawo anezinsuku zokugcina ezimfushane kakhulu, kungase kubonakale kukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezilula , kodwa esikhathini esiphakathi kuyasiza lapho ukuvela nokugcinwa kubalulekile.
Izingxenye ezibalulekile: I-OpenEmbedded, i-BitBake ne-Poky
Inhliziyo yokwakha yi-BitBake: injini echaza izindlela zokupheka kanye nezimo zokucushwa, ixazulula ukuncika, futhi yenze imisebenzi ngokulandelana (landa, vula, lungiselela, hlanganisa, faka, paka, hlanganisa izithombe). Cabanga nge-BitBake njenge-orchestrator yesitayela "sokwenza", kodwa eyenzelwe umhlaba ohlanganisiwe.
I-OpenEmbedded (OE) inikeza i-metadata kanye nesisekelo sekilasi (i-OpenEmbedded-Core noma i-oe-core), isethi yezindlela zokupheka kanye nezinsiza ezivivinywa njalo, ezihlelwe kahle ezisebenza njengesisekelo sezingxenye namaphrojekthi amaningi.
I-Poky iwukusatshalaliswa kwe-Yocto okubhekiselwe kukho: ihlanganisa uhlelo lokwakha lwe-OE, isethi ebanzi yezindlela zokupheka, kanye nokulungiselelwa "okubhalwe phansi" okusebenzayo ukuze uqalise. Akuyona i-distro egxile kumkhiqizo, kodwa kunalokho iyindawo yokuqala efundisayo nesebenzayo eqinisekisa uhlelo lwe-ecosystem.
Imodeli Eyenziwe Ngezendlalelo: Ukusebenzisana Nokwenza Okuthandwa Nguwe Ngasikhathi sinye
I-Layer Model iyitshe legumbi. I-layer iyinqolobane yezindlela zokupheka, ukucushwa, kanye nezigaba ezihlobene. I-Layer ibekwe ndawonye futhi ingafakwa ngaphezulu ngokwezinga , okuvumela ukuthi izinto ezifanayo zizuzwe njengefa futhi izinguquko zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kokuphula isakhiwo esingaphansi.
Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukuhlukanisa ngokunengqondo lokho okwenzayo: ungqimba lwe-BSP kumthengisi, olunye lwe-GUI, olunye lwe-middleware, olunye lohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, olunye lwe-distro… Ukugwema “ukufaka konke kungqimba olulodwa” kwenza impilo yakho ibe lula lapho ubuyekeza, ugcina futhi usebenzisa kabusha izingxenye phakathi kwamaphrojekthi.
Izendlalelo ze-BSP zibalulekile: ziqukethe izihlahla zamadivayisi, ukucushwa kwe-kernel, abashayeli, kanye nezilungiselelo zomshini zama-targets athile (isb., imindeni ye-Raspberry Pi). Ngenxa yabo, ukwengeza noma ukushintsha ihadiwe akudingi ukubhala kabusha konke , kodwa kudinga ukwengeza noma ukulungisa ungqimba olufanele kuphela.
Ukuhamba komsebenzi wokwakha
Inqubo evamile icace kakhulu, nakuba ishubile. Okokuqala, uchaza izakhiwo, izinqubomgomo, iziqephu, namapharamitha (isb., local.conf y bblayers.conf). I-BitBake ilanda imithombo (ama-tarballs, i-git…), iziqephu, ukulungisa kanye nokuhlanganisa kuye ngamakilasi (autotools, cmake, njll.).
Umphumela ophakathi ufakwa endaweni yesikhashana yokubeka izigaba futhi upakishwe ngefomethi ekhethiwe (deb, rpm, ipk). Lawa maphakheji abe esesetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-rootfs futhi akhiqize izithombe zokugcina ozozikhanyisa noma ozithumela kudivayisi.
Kuyo yonke inqubo, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kokuqonda, ukuhlehla, kanye ne-QA; ngaphezu kwalokho, ungaqalisa futhi uqinisekise izithombe ku-QEMU. Lokhu kunciphisa umjikelezo wokuhlola kanye nephutha kuhadiwe yangempela , ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala.
Amathuluzi kanye subprojects emhlabeni Yocto
I-ecosystem inikeza amathuluzi enza impilo yakho ibe lula. I-CROPS iwuhlaka lwesitsha oluhlinzeka ngezindawo zokwakha ezihambisanayo kulo lonke i-Linux, i-Windows, kanye ne-macOS; ilungele amaqembu axubile noma ukuhlanganisa ukuncika . I-Toaster iyi-interface yewebhu yokumisa nokuqalisa ukwakha nokubuka amamethrikhi nezinto zobuciko.
I-eSDK (i-Extensible SDK) ivumela abathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi bangeze kalula imitapo yolwazi kanye nezinguquko bese bezibuyisela emuva esithombeni . Iphinde ifake ukwesekwa kwe-Multi-Config yokwakha izakhiwo eziningi ngomyalo owodwa kanye "nokwakha okubili" kokufaka okubili lapho ikhodi yomthombo ingatholakali.
Uhlelo lungakha i-manifest yelayisensi kanye nezinkomba zekhodi esetshenzisiwe, okuyisihluthulelo sokuthobela imithetho ezindaweni ezilawulwayo noma ngezibopho ze-copyleft.
Amanye amaphrojekthi angaphansi kwalesi sambulela afaka phakathi izinsiza ezifana ne-pseudo, i-cross-prelink, i-Matchbox suite yezindawo ezikhanyayo zezithombe, nokuningi. Ngaphambilini kwakukhona ukuhlanganiswa ne-Eclipse, kodwa yayekwa kusukela ngenguqulo 2.7 njengoba yaphelelwa yisikhathi uma iqhathaniswa namathuluzi amasha.
Ukuphathwa kwephakheji kanye namasu okuvuselela
Ukubuyekeza amadivayisi ensimu kubalulekile, futhi i-Yocto inikeza izinketho eziningana. Ungakhetha ukubuyekeza isithombe sonke (ukuze kube nokuvumelana okugcwele kwesistimu), usabalalise izinguquko ezingeni lephakethe ukuze ulondoloze i-bandwidth , sebenzisa amamodeli e-athomu abuyela emuva (njenge-OStree), noma usebenzise amamodeli e-delta ukuze unciphise ukudluliselwa.
Akukho lutho olulula: ukumepha okugcwele kwesithombe kungokwe "izinyathelo ezinkulu," amaphakheji ezinguquko ezihlanganisiwe, ukumepha kwe-athomu kwezindawo ezibalulekile ezine-rollback, kanye nokumepha kwe-delta kwamanethiwekhi amancane. Inzuzo ukuthi ukhetha isu elifanela umkhiqizo wakho kanye nokusebenza kwakho.
Ukuhlola, ukulingisa kanye nokubhala imibhalo
I-Yocto ibeka phambili ikhwalithi. Ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuhluzeka kwengqondo nokubuyela emuva, ukwesekwa kokuqalisa kwe-QEMU nokuhlola, kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa ama-test suites. Lokhu kunciphisa umjikelezo wokuqinisekisa futhi kunciphisa ukumangala kwehadiwe.
Ukubhala imibhalo kuyisisekelo sephrojekthi. Inguqulo ngayinye ifaka iziqondiso ezibuyekeziwe, futhi imibhalo yezinguqulo zamanje nezigciniwe iyagcinwa — kubalulekile ngoba ukuziphatha kungashintsha phakathi kokukhishwa.
Ukubusa nokuqalisa
Isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe siphathwa umakhi wephrojekthi (uRichard Purdie) kanye nohlu lwabanakekeli bengxenye ngayinye, kumodeli efana neye-kernel ye-Linux . Uhlangothi lokuphatha luhlanganisa iBhodi Yokweluleka enabameleli abavela ezinkampanini ezingamalungu (abakhiqizi be-silicon, abathengisi bezentengiselwano abase-Yocto, abasebenzisi bezinkampani, kanye nabeluleki), kanye namaqembu asebenzayo ezezimali, ingqalasizinda, ukumaketha, kanye nomphakathi.
Uhlelo lokukhishwa lungolwesibili ngonyaka (u-Ephreli no-Okthoba), kanti ngezikhathi ezithile lukhishwa emagatsheni amathathu akamuva. Lokhu kusungula isigqi esibikezelwayo izinkampani ezingasihlela lapho zibuyekeza izendlalelo nemikhiqizo.
Izinguqulo namagama ekhodi
Ngokomlando, i-Yocto ikhiphe umculo obizwa ngenombolo kanye nesidlaliso. Ngezansi kukhona ukukhetha okumelela izinguqulo nezinsuku :
| I-Versión | Igama lekhodi | Usuku |
|---|---|---|
| 3.3 | I-Hardknott | 04/2021 |
| 3.2 | Gatesgarth | 11/2020 |
| 3.1 | Dunfell | 04/2020 |
| 3.0 | Zeus | 10/2019 |
| 2.7 | Guerrero | 04/2019 |
| 2.6 | UThud | 11/2018 |
| 2.5 | Sumo | 04/2018 |
| 2.4 | I-Roco | 10/2017 |
| 2.3 | I-Pyro | 04/2017 |
| 2.2 | Morty | 10/2016 |
| 2.1 | I-Krogoth | 04/2016 |
| 2.0 | uJetiro | 10/2015 |
| 1.8 | Fido | 04/2015 |
| 1.7 | Isiyezi | 10/2014 |
| 1.6 | Daisy | 04/2014 |
| 1.5 | Dora | 10/2013 |
| 1.4 | Dylan | 04/2013 |
| 1.3 | Dylan | 10/2012 |
| 1.2 | Denzil | 04/2012 |
| 1.1 | Edison | 10/2011 |
| 1.0 | Bernard | 2011 |
| 0.9 | U-verne | 2010 |
Ngaphezu kwezithombe ezijwayelekile, iphrojekthi igcina ukusetshenziswa kwereferensi okubizwa ngokuthi i-Poky okuhlanganisa uhlelo lokwakha lwe-OE kanye nesethi enkulu yezindlela zokupheka ezinezingqimba, eziwusizo njengethempulethi elisebenzayo lesistimu efakiwe.
Uhlelo Lomkhiqizo: Abahlanganyeli Nokuhambisana
Uhlelo Lomkhiqizo we-Yocto luvumela izinhlangano nemikhiqizo ukuthi zihlobanise umsebenzi wazo nephrojekthi ngezisimbozo ezimbili: “I-Yocto Project Participant” yezinhlangano ezisebenzisa futhi zisekela i-Yocto esidlangalaleni , kanye ne-“Yocto Project Compatible” yemikhiqizo ehambisana ne-OE, ama-BSP, kanye nezendlalelo zezinhlangano ezingamalungu.
Uhlu Lwamagama Olubalulekile
- Amafayela okumisa (conf): chaza okuguquguqukayo komhlaba wonke, izinketho zomsebenzisi, nezilungiselelo zehadiwe; baqondisa lokho okuhlanganisiwe nokuthi yini engena emfanekisweni wenkundla ethile.
- Amaresiphi (.bb): chaza umthombo wekhodi, ama-patches, ukuncika kanye nezinketho zokwakha ukuze ukhiqize amaphakheji futhi, nawo, isithombe sokugcina.
- Izendlalelo: Amaqoqo ezindlela zokupheka kanye nemethadatha ehlobene; zivumela ukuhlukaniswa kokwenza ngokwezifiso nokusekelwa okuhlanzekile kwezakhiwo eziningi.
- Imethadatha: Lokhu kufaka phakathi amaresiphi, ukulungiselelwa, amakilasi, nedatha elawula ukuthi yini eyakhiwe nokuthi kanjani, okuhlanganisa inguqulo nereferensi yereferensi.
- I-BitBake: injini yokukhipha ehlaziya izindlela zokupheka futhi ilungise ukuhleleka kwemisebenzi; okufana nokuthi "ukwenza", kodwa kuqondiswe kumaphakheji nemifanekiso.
- amaphakheji: ama-artifacts akhiqiziwe (deb, rpm, ipk) asetshenziselwa ukukhweza ama-rootfs nemifanekiso yesistimu.
- I-eSDK: I-SDK enwebekayo yonjiniyela bohlelo lokusebenza ukuze bahlanganise izinguquko namalabhulali futhi bazihlole kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziqondiwe.
- Imagen: ifomu kanambambili yesistimu yokusebenza ye-Linux okufanele ikhanyise noma isetshenziswe kudivayisi eqondiwe.
Sebenzisa amacala, i-IoT nokukhetha kwesistimu
Imakethe ehlanganisiwe ikhula njalo: amadivayisi enziwe ngokwezifiso, izinhlobo eziningi zamabhodi nama-SoC, ngakho-ke, isidingo esikhulu sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezenziwe ngokwezifiso . I-Linux izisungule njengendinganiso yangempela, futhi i-Yocto ilungele kahle ukuyakha "ngendlela yakho."
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokusatshalaliswa kwe-binary okujwayelekile njenge-Debian/Ubuntu, i-Yocto inikeza ukulawula okuphelele kwalokho okufakiwe, izinguqulo, nama-patches, ngokuphindaphinda kanye nokulandeleka. Ngemikhiqizo edinga indawo elinganiselwe, ukuphepha, kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside , kuyisinqumo esisebenzayo.
Izinkampani zihlanganisa i-Yocto nezakhiwo zesimanje zokusebenza ensimini (i-OTA, ukuhlukanisa okuvikelekile, ukubuyiselwa emuva), ukuhlanganisa amapayipi e-CI/CD, ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokufakwa kwezigaba . Kukhona ngisho nezixazululo ezisebenzisa i-Yocto ukwandisa amakhono onqenqemeni (isibonelo, amapulatifomu agxile ekuhlaziyeni, i-AI, kanye nokuxhumeka kwamafu okuhambisana ne-Yocto).
Ukuphepha kanye nemikhuba emihle
Ukuphepha kuyinto eza kuqala. Le phrojekthi ihambisana ne-CII Best Practices futhi ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa okuphindaphindwayo (ekuhlolweni, cishe ukuphinda kuphindaphindwe okungu-99,8% kufezwe ku-core-image-minimal). Ukulawula ukuncika, izindawo, kanye ne-toolchain kunciphisa "ukungcoliswa" kokwakha.
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ungavumela i-SELinux yokulawula ukufinyelela okuhlanganisiwe, i-IMA yokulinganisa ubuqotho besikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nokuvikela amaketanga okuqalisa aqinisekisa i-bootloader, i-kernel, kanye ne-initramfs. Ukubethela kwesistimu yamafayela kanye nokuphathwa kokhiye kuqeda ukuvikelwa lapho kuphumula.
Ukusuka kumbono wokuzijwayeza: ukwakha isithombe
Indlela elula kakhulu ukwenza i-Poky ifane, uqalise indawo, ukhethe umshini (isibonelo, ithagethi ye-QEMU noma i-Raspberry Pi), engeza izendlalelo ze-BSP ezidingekayo, bese usebenzisa i-BitBake ngokumelene nesithombe esibhekiselayo . Ukwakhiwa kokuqala kuthatha isikhathi, kodwa ukwakhiwa okulandelayo okulandelayo kushesha kakhulu.
Kuma-hardware afana ne -Raspberry Pi/reTerminal , ukuhamba komsebenzi okuvamile kufaka phakathi izendlalelo ze-cloning ezifana ne-meta-raspberrypi, i-meta-oe, i-meta-python noma isendlalelo somthengisi wedivayisi, ukulungisa i-kernel, ukungenisa izendlalelo neziguquguquko, nokwakha isithombe esithile (isb., "isithombe-sokuhlola i-rpi").
I-Toaster ikuvumela ukuthi wenze okufanayo nge-GUI: dala iphrojekthi, ukhethe ukukhishwa, umshini (raspberrypi4-64, raspberrypi5…), ungenise izendlalelo, ulungise iziguquguquko (isibonelo, ama-backend ezithombe), bese uqalisa ukwakha kusuka kusiphequluli . Uma usuqedile, ulanda izinto zobuciko (isibonelo, ifayela le-.wic.bz2) bese uzikhanyisa.
I-BitBake inikeza imiyalo ewusizo yokufaka kuhlu izendlalelo nezindlela zokupheka, ukuhlola ukuncika, ukuvula i-devshell yephakheji, ukuhlola imisebenzi, noma ukuhlanza indawo yokuhlanganisa kabusha . Lokhu kusheshisa ukuxilongwa lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle.
Ukugeleza komsebenzi okunemininingwane (isifinyezo sokusebenza)
- Ichaza izakhiwo, izinqubomgomo, iziqephu nokucushwa.
- Landa amafonti emithonjeni eshiwo.
- Khipha, sebenzisa iziqephu, futhi uqalise ukumisa/hlanganisa njengoba kufanelekile.
- Isiteji kanye nokupakisha.
- Qalisa i-QA futhi uhlole.
- Ishicilela izifunzo zephakheji.
- Ikhiqiza isithombe sokugcina.
Lo mklamo uvumelana nezigaba kanye nezendlalelo kuye ngezingxenye zakho: ungase ufune i-backend ethile yesithombe, amamojula e-kernel ngokwezifiso, noma uhlelo oluhlukile lwe-init. Ubuhle be-Yocto ukuthi konke lokhu kuvezwa njenge-metadata eguquguqukayo.
Amathiphu Wokutholwa Kwethimba
Kubasebenzisi abavela ezindaweni zeWindows, ukutshala imali eziyisisekelo ze-Unix/Linux kuyasiza kakhulu. Ukusebenza ngokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux endaweni yakho yokusebenza, ukuqonda i-Bash ne-Python, kanye nokujwayelana nama-cross-toolchain kusheshisa indlela yokufunda.
Uma ungenalo ulwazi, qala nge-Poky kanye ne-QEMU ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kokuphela. Bese wengeza ungqimba lwe-BSP lwehadiwe yangempela kanye nongqimba lwakho lohlelo lokusebenza . Yenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwakheka ngeziqukathi (ama-CROPS) kanye ne-CI/CD kusukela ekuqaleni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkundla namandla okusebenza
Uma umkhiqizo wakho uphuma efektri, udinga isu lokubuyekeza. Nge-Yocto, ungakhetha kusuka ezindaweni zokugcina amaphakheji, izithombe ezigcwele ezisayiniwe, izinhlelo ze-athomu ezine-rollback, noma izibuyekezo ze-delta. Khetha ngokusekelwe kusayizi wokubuyekeza, i-bandwidth, kanye nezinga lengozi ozimisele ukuyithatha.
Ukuhlanganisa isitokwe selayisensi kanye nekhodi yomthombo ehlobene nakho kungenye into ebalulekile ekuhambisaneni nemithetho. I-Yocto ikhiqiza ama-manifest elayisensi futhi ingaxhumanisa nekhodi yengxenye , okwenza kube lula ukuhlolwa kwezimali kanye nezibopho zokusabalalisa kabusha.
